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Psychology GRE > THINKING/COGNITION > Flashcards

THINKING/COGNITION Flashcards

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1
Q

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

A
  • study of thinking, processing, and reasoning
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2
Q

Concepts

A
  • represent relationship between 2 things
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3
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • ideas used to test relationship and then form concepts
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4
Q

Mental set/set

A
  • preconeived notion of how to look at problem

- help future problem solving

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5
Q

Schema

A
  • oranized knowledged from experience
  • includes ideas about events, objects and attributes
  • new events are categorized based on how well they match existing schemas
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6
Q

Scripts

A
  • ideas about way events typically unfold
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7
Q

Prototypes

A
  • represenative or usual or type of event or object
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8
Q

Insight

A
  • new perspective on old problem
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9
Q

Convergent thinking

A
  • used to find one solution to problem (first defined by J.P. Guilford)
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10
Q

J.P. Guilford

A
  • defined convergent an divergent thinking
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11
Q

Divergent thinking

A
  • more than on possibility exists in situation

e. g. playing chess

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12
Q

Functional fixedness

A
  • develop closed minds about certain object’s functions

- can’t think divergently about objects

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13
Q

Problem space

A
  • sum of total possible moves to solve problem
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14
Q

Algorithms

A
  • problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually find right solution
  • takes a long time
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15
Q

Heuristics

A
  • problem solving strategies that are rules of thumb/short-cuts that have worked in the past
  • don’t guaurantee but solution is faster than algorithms
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16
Q

Metacognition

A
  • thinking about your own thinking
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17
Q

Mediation

A
  • intervening mental process that occurs between stimulu and response
  • reminds us how to repond based on ideas of past learning
18
Q

Computer simulation models

A
  • designed to solve problems like humans
19
Q

Logic theorist –> general problem solver

A
  • type of computer simulation models

- designed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

20
Q

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

A
  • designed first computer simulation model = logic theorist ==> general problem solver
21
Q

Deductive reasoning

A
  • leads to specific conclusions that must follow info given
22
Q

Inductive reasoning

A
  • leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics
23
Q

Logical reasoning errors (3):

A

1) atomosphere effect: conclusions infuenced by way information is phrased
2) semantic effect: believe in conclusions because of what you think is correct rather than what logically follows info given
3) confirmation bias: using info that confirms what you already think

24
Q

Decision making

A
  • solving on problem until an acceptable solution is found
  • process of finding solution is based on assumption that is rational or irrational
  • solution found by reaoning or emotion
25
Q

Intelligence

A
  • capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
26
Q

Reaction time

A
  • measure cognitive processing
    AKA latency
  • declines with age
27
Q

Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins

A
  • people have hierachical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items
  • more closer the 2 items = faster subject can link them together
    e. g. “ a canary is a bird” vs. “a toaster is a bird”
28
Q

Allan Collins and Ross Quillan

A
  • people make decisions about relationships between items by searching cognitive semantic hierarchies
  • father apart = longer to see connection
    AKA parallel distributive processing (or connectionism)
29
Q

Long term semantic memory network (it takes longer to name pictures or words?)

A
  • takes longer to make associations between pictures than between words
  • because pictures get turned into words before association is made
30
Q

Semantic priming

A
  • in work recognition task
  • decreases reaction time if 2 items are related because it actives the node of the second item in the semantic hierarchy
    e. g. “test” –> “GRE” vs. “test” –> “lobster”
31
Q

Stroop effect

A
  • decreased speed of NAMING THE COLOR INK used to print words because the word itsef is a color
32
Q

Bottom-up processing

A
  • recognizing items from data (data driven)
33
Q

Top-down processing

A
  • guided by larger concepts
34
Q

Automatic processing

A
  • effortlessly done because task is subsumed under higher organization process
35
Q

Eye movement and gaze durations

A
  • indicators of information processing while reading
36
Q

Saccades

A
  • eye movement from one fixation point another
37
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A
  • bodily reactions to situations cause emotion
    1) physiological response to situation
    2) we feel emotion
38
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

AKA emergency theory

- emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

39
Q

Stanley Schacheter and Jerome Singer

A
  • proposed cognitive theory of emotion = Schachter-Singer Theory
40
Q

Schacheter-Singer Theory

A
  • similar to James-Lange Theory of Emotion
  • emotions are product of physiological reactions
  • how to interpret the state is key
  • the cognition we attach to situations determines which emotion we feel
41
Q

Cannon bard theory is also called:

A

Emergency theory

42
Q

Connectionism is also called

A

Parallel distributive processing

Psychology GRE (15 decks)

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