THINKING/COGNITION Flashcards
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- study of thinking, processing, and reasoning
Concepts
- represent relationship between 2 things
Hypothesis
- ideas used to test relationship and then form concepts
Mental set/set
- preconeived notion of how to look at problem
- help future problem solving
Schema
- oranized knowledged from experience
- includes ideas about events, objects and attributes
- new events are categorized based on how well they match existing schemas
Scripts
- ideas about way events typically unfold
Prototypes
- represenative or usual or type of event or object
Insight
- new perspective on old problem
Convergent thinking
- used to find one solution to problem (first defined by J.P. Guilford)
J.P. Guilford
- defined convergent an divergent thinking
Divergent thinking
- more than on possibility exists in situation
e. g. playing chess
Functional fixedness
- develop closed minds about certain object’s functions
- can’t think divergently about objects
Problem space
- sum of total possible moves to solve problem
Algorithms
- problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually find right solution
- takes a long time
Heuristics
- problem solving strategies that are rules of thumb/short-cuts that have worked in the past
- don’t guaurantee but solution is faster than algorithms
Metacognition
- thinking about your own thinking
Mediation
- intervening mental process that occurs between stimulu and response
- reminds us how to repond based on ideas of past learning
Computer simulation models
- designed to solve problems like humans
Logic theorist –> general problem solver
- type of computer simulation models
- designed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
- designed first computer simulation model = logic theorist ==> general problem solver
Deductive reasoning
- leads to specific conclusions that must follow info given
Inductive reasoning
- leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics
Logical reasoning errors (3):
1) atomosphere effect: conclusions infuenced by way information is phrased
2) semantic effect: believe in conclusions because of what you think is correct rather than what logically follows info given
3) confirmation bias: using info that confirms what you already think
Decision making
- solving on problem until an acceptable solution is found
- process of finding solution is based on assumption that is rational or irrational
- solution found by reaoning or emotion
Intelligence
- capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
Reaction time
- measure cognitive processing
AKA latency - declines with age
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
- people have hierachical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items
- more closer the 2 items = faster subject can link them together
e. g. “ a canary is a bird” vs. “a toaster is a bird”
Allan Collins and Ross Quillan
- people make decisions about relationships between items by searching cognitive semantic hierarchies
- father apart = longer to see connection
AKA parallel distributive processing (or connectionism)
Long term semantic memory network (it takes longer to name pictures or words?)
- takes longer to make associations between pictures than between words
- because pictures get turned into words before association is made
Semantic priming
- in work recognition task
- decreases reaction time if 2 items are related because it actives the node of the second item in the semantic hierarchy
e. g. “test” –> “GRE” vs. “test” –> “lobster”
Stroop effect
- decreased speed of NAMING THE COLOR INK used to print words because the word itsef is a color
Bottom-up processing
- recognizing items from data (data driven)
Top-down processing
- guided by larger concepts
Automatic processing
- effortlessly done because task is subsumed under higher organization process
Eye movement and gaze durations
- indicators of information processing while reading
Saccades
- eye movement from one fixation point another
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- bodily reactions to situations cause emotion
1) physiological response to situation
2) we feel emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
AKA emergency theory
- emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously
Stanley Schacheter and Jerome Singer
- proposed cognitive theory of emotion = Schachter-Singer Theory
Schacheter-Singer Theory
- similar to James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- emotions are product of physiological reactions
- how to interpret the state is key
- the cognition we attach to situations determines which emotion we feel
Cannon bard theory is also called:
Emergency theory
Connectionism is also called
Parallel distributive processing
