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Psychology GRE > PHYSIOLOGY/NEUROSCIENE > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY/NEUROSCIENE Flashcards

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1
Q

PHYSIOLOICAL PSYCHOLOGY

A
  • study of essential biology invovled in the study of mind
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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) 2 parts:

A

1) brain

2) spinal cord

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3
Q

Afferent fibers

A
  • run toward CNS
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4
Q

Efferent fibers

A
  • run away from CNS
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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (2 parts)

A
  • runs to and from the CNS
    1) somatic nervous system
    2) autonomic nervous system
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6
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • interacts with external environment by controlling voluntary of muscles
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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • interacts with internal environment and responsible for flight and fight
  • controls involuntary function e.g. digestion, blood circulation
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8
Q

ANS and (2 parts)

A
  • internal environment and involuntary controls that are responsible for flight or fight
    1) sympathetic nervous system
    2) parasympathetic nervous system
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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • arousal mechnicism e.g. circulation, threat and fear response
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10
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • responsible for recuperation after arousal e.g. lowering heart rate, blood pressure
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11
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • go to and from the brain
  • inner core of gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites) and outer covering of white matter (nerve fibers, axon bundles, and myelin sheathing)
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12
Q

Brain

A
  • extension of the spine

- brain has developed from the base to the front

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13
Q

Hind brain parts:

A
  • myelencephalon (aka medulla)
  • metencephalon (pons) and cerebellum
  • reticular formation (oldest part of the brain)
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14
Q

Myelencephalon (medulla) (hindbrain)

A
  • reflexes, sleep, attention, movement
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15
Q

Metecephalon (hindbrain)

A
  • pons (connets brain to spine)

- cerebellum - mscle coordination, balance posture

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16
Q

Reticular formation (hindbrain)

A
  • some in hindbrain and midbrain

- oldest part of brain, alertness, thirts, sleep, involuntary muscles at heart

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17
Q

Mesencehalon AKA midbrain

A
  • tectum

- tegmentum

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18
Q

Tectum (midbrain)

A
  • controls vision and hearing
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19
Q

Tegmetum (midbrain)

A
  • rest of reticular formation

- sensorimotor system and analegesic effect opiates

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20
Q

Forebrain - divided into what 2 parts:

A
  • divided into dicephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (essentially rest of forebrain)
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21
Q

Corticospinal tract (forebrain)

A
  • connections between brain and spine
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22
Q

Thamalmus (diencephalon)

A

-channels sensory info into cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Hypothalamus (diencephalon)

A
  • controls ANS biological motivations e.g. hunger, thirst, pituary gland
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24
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • master gland of the endocrine/hormone system
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25
Q

Limbic system (telencephalon)

A
  • in brainstem invovling the 4 F’s (fleeing, feeding, fighting, fornicatin)
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26
Q

Hippocampus (telencephalon)

A
  • memory, transferring short-term memory into LTM

- new neurons can form in the hippocampus

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27
Q

Amygdala (telencephalon)

A
  • control emotional reactions e.g. fear and anger
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28
Q

Cingulate gyrus (telencephalon)

A
  • links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decisions
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29
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outer half-inch of cerebral hemisphere
  • senosry and IQ functions split into 2 lobes
  • 90% neocortex
  • 10% less than 6 layers and more primitive
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30
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • control speech, reasoning, problem solving

- houses Broca’s area of speech

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31
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • vision
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32
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • somatosensory system
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33
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • hearing

- houses Wenike’s area related to speech

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34
Q

Gyri

A
  • bumps
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35
Q

Sulci

A
  • fissures
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36
Q

Meninges

A
  • tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
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37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A
  • protects brain by making it difficult for toxic substances to pass from blood into brain
  • cells that make up blood vessels in brain are very tightly packed
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38
Q

Ventricles

A
  • chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate brain from shock
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39
Q

Superior colliculus

A
  • controls visual reflexes
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40
Q

Inferior colliculus

A
  • controls auditory reflexes
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41
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • large voluntary muscle movements

- dengeneration related to motor dysfuction

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42
Q

Cortical association areas

A
  • cortex that correspond to certain functions

- larger the area the more sensitive and highly accessed is the corresponding function

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43
Q

Apraxia

A
  • inability to organize movement
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44
Q

Agnosia

A
  • difficulty processing sensory information
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45
Q

Aphasia

A
  • language disorder
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46
Q

Alexia

A
  • inability to read
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47
Q

Agraphia

A
  • inability to write
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48
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • damage to Broca’s area in left frontal lobe

- understand speech but difficulty speakng

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49
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • damage to Wernicke’s area of brain located in the left temporal lobe
  • can speak but no longer understand how to correctly choose words
  • speech is fluent but nonsensical
50
Q

Hyperphagia

A
  • overeating with no satiation of hunger

- damange to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus

51
Q

Sham rage

A
  • incredibly rage easily provoked when the cerebral cortex is removed
52
Q

Stereotaxic instruments

A
  • used to implant electrodes
53
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A
  • measures oxygen flow in brain
54
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • scans glucose metabolism
55
Q

Blooming and pruning

A
  • process children go through where neural pathways are connected and then some die out
56
Q

Neuron

A
  • basic unit of the nervous system
57
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive impulses
58
Q

Cell body AKA

A
  • soma
  • largest central portion and makes up gray matter
  • has a nucleas that directs the neuron’s activity
59
Q

Axon hillock

A
  • where the soma and axon connect
60
Q

Axon

A
  • transmits impulses of the neuron
  • bundle of these nerve fibers aka white matter
  • wider the the nerve fiber the faster the conduction of axon impulses
61
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • fatty insulated sheath on axons that allow faster conduction of axon impulses
62
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • dips between the beads of myelin sheath
63
Q

Terminal buttons

A
  • jumping points for impulses
64
Q

Synaptic vessels

A
  • found inside terminal butttons and hold transmitters
65
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • covers the whole neuron and has selective permeability

- sometimes lets positive ions through

66
Q

Synpase or synpatic gap

A
  • space between 2 neurons where they communicate
67
Q

Presynaptic cell

A
  • end of one neuron (terminal buttons)
68
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A
  • beginning of another neuron (dendrites)
69
Q

Glial cells (2 types)

A
  • other types of cells in nervous system
    1) oligodendrocytes
    2) schwann cells
70
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • provide myelin in CNS
71
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • provide myelin in the PNS
72
Q

Resting potential

A
  • inactivated state of neuron

- negatively charged and positive ions cannot get in

73
Q

Presynaptic cell fires and:

A
  • releases NT from its terminal button as a messenger
74
Q

Postsynaptic potentials and postsynaptic cell detect presence of NT and:

A
  • cause ion channels to open up
75
Q

Postsynaptic potential (2 forms):

A
  • changes in nerve cell’s charge as the result of stimulation
    1) EPSP
    2) IPSP
76
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A
  • positive charges from outside are allowed in (depolarization) and increase chance that cell will fire
77
Q

Depolarization

A
  • increases the chance that cell will fire
78
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A
  • few positive charges in cell body are let out (hyperpolarizaton) and body is even more negative than outside
  • decrease chance that cell will fire
79
Q

Action potential or nerve impulses

A
  • when cell stimulated with enough positive ions and fires
80
Q

The all or none law

A
  • refers to fact that once minimum threshold for stimulation is met = nerve impulses sent
  • intensity always the same
  • indicates how many signals are fired not how strong the stimulus is
81
Q

How does the action potential travel down the axon:

A
  • frequently ‘jumping’ from one node of Ranvier to the next bc on increased insulation
82
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • jumping from one node to next
83
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • time after a neuron fires in which it cannot respond to stimulation
84
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • time after absolute refractory where neuron can fire but it needs a stronger stimulus
85
Q

What happens after NT is done? (2 things)

A

1) reuptake where NT is reabsorbed into synpatic cell
2) deactivated by enzymes
- process keeps messenger from continually stimulating neurons

86
Q

Acteylcholine

A
  • released at neuromuscular junction to cause contraction of skeletal muscles
  • invovled in parasympathetic nervous system
87
Q

Endorphines

A
  • pleasure and analgesia

- exogenous endorphines are highly addictive

88
Q

Monoanimes (2 classes)

A
  • comprise of 2 classes of NT
    1) Indolamnes
    2) Catecholamines
89
Q

Indolamines

A
  • include serotonin
90
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • include dopamine - related to reward and addiction
  • too little = motor degenerative disease
  • too much = schizophrenia
91
Q

Amno acids

A
  • present in fast acting directed synapses
92
Q

Glutamate

A
  • most abundent excitatory NT
93
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • most abundent inhibitory NT
94
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • NT that cause long term changes in postsynaptic cell
95
Q

Agonists

A
  • NT increases effect of Nt e.g. SSRIS increase serotonin activity
96
Q

Antagonists

A
  • decrease the effect of specific NT

e. g. botox an acetylcholine that decrease muscle activity

97
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus and regulates hormones in body

- characterized as either organizational or activational

98
Q

H-Y antigen (organizational)

A
  • presence during development causes fetus to be a male
99
Q

Androgens (testosterone; organizational)

A
  • increase in males causes genital maturity and secondary sex characterisitcs
100
Q

Estrogen (organizational)

A
  • increase females genital maturity and secondary sex characteristics
101
Q

Mearche (organizational)

A
  • onset of menstrual cycle
102
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulting hormone (FSH) (activational)

A
  • hormones that changes during menstrual cycle
  • regulate development of ovum and trigger ovulation in females
  • promotes sperm development and testosterone
  • also estradiol, progesterone
103
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • released in pituitary and facilitate birth and breast feeding
  • involved in pair bonding
104
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • released in pituitary

- reglates water levels in body and blood pressure

105
Q

Thyriod stimulating hormone

A
  • released from the pituitary

- activates the thyroid

106
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • released from the pituitary

- stress hormone that increases production of androgens and cortisol

107
Q

Electroencephalograms (EEG)

A
  • measure brain wave patterns and sleep/wake states
108
Q

Sleep has 2 phases:

A

1) Non REM: takes about 1/2 hour to pass through 4 stages

2) REM

109
Q

Stage 0 (non rem)

A
  • prelude to sleep
  • low amplitude and fast frequency alpha waves appear in brain
  • relaxed and drowsy
110
Q

Alpha waves in stage 0 (low amplitude, fast frequency) AKA

A
  • neural synchrony
111
Q

Stage 1 (non rem)

A
  • eyes roll
  • alpha waves turn into irregular theta waves (low amplitude and slow frequency)
  • loses responsiveness and has fleeting thoughts
112
Q

Stage 2 (non rem)

A
  • AKA theta wave stage
  • fast burst of brain activity called sleep spindles
  • muscle tensions, heart decline, respiration and temperature decline
113
Q

Sleep Spindles

A
  • fast frequency bursts of brain activity
114
Q

Stage 3 (non rem)

A
  • takes 30 mins after falling asleep
  • few sleep spindles
  • high amplitude and low frequency delta waves
115
Q

Stage 4 (non rem)

A
  • delta waves occur more than 50% of time
  • deepest level of sleep during delta waves
  • heart rate, temperature, blood flow rduced and GH is secreted
  • if woken up, person is groggy and confused
116
Q

REM

A
  • 20% is REM; interspersed with non REM every 30-40 mins
  • dreams are experienced
  • same low amplitude, fast frequency beta waves of waking state (neural desynchrony) but mscles decrease to paralysis and sudeen twiches
  • last from 15 mins to 1 hour
117
Q

Beta waves in REM sleep (low amplitude, high frequency) AKA

A
  • neural desynchrony
118
Q

REM AKA

A
  • paradoxial sleep
119
Q

Rebound effect

A
  • when people are deprived of REM sleep

- compensat the next night by spending more time in REM sleep

120
Q

How many cycles of sleep to people complete? How long is each cycle? What stages take place when?

A
  • 4 - 6 each night
  • each cycle last 90 mins
  • stage 3 and 4 early in night then stage 2 and REM later on in night
121
Q

Infant vs. Eldery sleep hours

A
  • 16 vs. 6
122
Q

REM sleep comprises of how much sleep in birth and the decreases to:

A
  • comprises of half of total sleep then decreases to 25%

Psychology GRE (15 decks)

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