PHYSIOLOGY/NEUROSCIENE Flashcards
1
Q
PHYSIOLOICAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
- study of essential biology invovled in the study of mind
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Q
Central nervous system (CNS) 2 parts:
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1) brain
2) spinal cord
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Q
Afferent fibers
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- run toward CNS
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Q
Efferent fibers
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- run away from CNS
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Q
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (2 parts)
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- runs to and from the CNS
1) somatic nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system
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Q
Somatic nervous system
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- interacts with external environment by controlling voluntary of muscles
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Q
Autonomic nervous system
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- interacts with internal environment and responsible for flight and fight
- controls involuntary function e.g. digestion, blood circulation
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Q
ANS and (2 parts)
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- internal environment and involuntary controls that are responsible for flight or fight
1) sympathetic nervous system
2) parasympathetic nervous system
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Q
Sympathetic nervous system
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- arousal mechnicism e.g. circulation, threat and fear response
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Q
Parasympathetic nervous system
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- responsible for recuperation after arousal e.g. lowering heart rate, blood pressure
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Q
Spinal Cord
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- go to and from the brain
- inner core of gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites) and outer covering of white matter (nerve fibers, axon bundles, and myelin sheathing)
12
Q
Brain
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- extension of the spine
- brain has developed from the base to the front
13
Q
Hind brain parts:
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- myelencephalon (aka medulla)
- metencephalon (pons) and cerebellum
- reticular formation (oldest part of the brain)
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Q
Myelencephalon (medulla) (hindbrain)
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- reflexes, sleep, attention, movement
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Metecephalon (hindbrain)
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- pons (connets brain to spine)
- cerebellum - mscle coordination, balance posture
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Q
Reticular formation (hindbrain)
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- some in hindbrain and midbrain
- oldest part of brain, alertness, thirts, sleep, involuntary muscles at heart
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Q
Mesencehalon AKA midbrain
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- tectum
- tegmentum
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Q
Tectum (midbrain)
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- controls vision and hearing
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Q
Tegmetum (midbrain)
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- rest of reticular formation
- sensorimotor system and analegesic effect opiates
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Q
Forebrain - divided into what 2 parts:
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- divided into dicephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (essentially rest of forebrain)
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Q
Corticospinal tract (forebrain)
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- connections between brain and spine
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Q
Thamalmus (diencephalon)
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-channels sensory info into cerebral cortex
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Q
Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
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- controls ANS biological motivations e.g. hunger, thirst, pituary gland
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Q
Pituitary gland
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- master gland of the endocrine/hormone system
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Limbic system (telencephalon)
- in brainstem invovling the 4 F's (fleeing, feeding, fighting, fornicatin)
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Hippocampus (telencephalon)
- memory, transferring short-term memory into LTM
| - new neurons can form in the hippocampus
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Amygdala (telencephalon)
- control emotional reactions e.g. fear and anger
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Cingulate gyrus (telencephalon)
- links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decisions
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Cerebral cortex
- outer half-inch of cerebral hemisphere
- senosry and IQ functions split into 2 lobes
- 90% neocortex
- 10% less than 6 layers and more primitive
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Frontal lobe
- control speech, reasoning, problem solving
| - houses Broca's area of speech
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Occipital lobe
- vision
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Parietal lobe
- somatosensory system
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Temporal lobe
- hearing
| - houses Wenike's area related to speech
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Gyri
- bumps
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Sulci
- fissures
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Meninges
- tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
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Blood brain barrier
- protects brain by making it difficult for toxic substances to pass from blood into brain
- cells that make up blood vessels in brain are very tightly packed
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Ventricles
- chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate brain from shock
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Superior colliculus
- controls visual reflexes
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Inferior colliculus
- controls auditory reflexes
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Basal ganglia
- large voluntary muscle movements
| - dengeneration related to motor dysfuction
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Cortical association areas
- cortex that correspond to certain functions
| - larger the area the more sensitive and highly accessed is the corresponding function
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Apraxia
- inability to organize movement
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Agnosia
- difficulty processing sensory information
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Aphasia
- language disorder
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Alexia
- inability to read
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Agraphia
- inability to write
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Broca's aphasia
- damage to Broca's area in left frontal lobe
| - understand speech but difficulty speakng
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Wernicke's aphasia
- damage to Wernicke's area of brain located in the left temporal lobe
- can speak but no longer understand how to correctly choose words
- speech is fluent but nonsensical
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Hyperphagia
- overeating with no satiation of hunger
| - damange to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus
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Sham rage
- incredibly rage easily provoked when the cerebral cortex is removed
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Stereotaxic instruments
- used to implant electrodes
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
- measures oxygen flow in brain
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
- scans glucose metabolism
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Blooming and pruning
- process children go through where neural pathways are connected and then some die out
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Neuron
- basic unit of the nervous system
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Dendrites
- receive impulses
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Cell body AKA
- soma
- largest central portion and makes up gray matter
- has a nucleas that directs the neuron's activity
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Axon hillock
- where the soma and axon connect
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Axon
- transmits impulses of the neuron
- bundle of these nerve fibers aka white matter
- wider the the nerve fiber the faster the conduction of axon impulses
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Myelin sheath
- fatty insulated sheath on axons that allow faster conduction of axon impulses
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Nodes of Ranvier
- dips between the beads of myelin sheath
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Terminal buttons
- jumping points for impulses
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Synaptic vessels
- found inside terminal butttons and hold transmitters
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Cell membrane
- covers the whole neuron and has selective permeability
| - sometimes lets positive ions through
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Synpase or synpatic gap
- space between 2 neurons where they communicate
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Presynaptic cell
- end of one neuron (terminal buttons)
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Postsynaptic cell
- beginning of another neuron (dendrites)
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Glial cells (2 types)
- other types of cells in nervous system
1) oligodendrocytes
2) schwann cells
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Oligodendrocytes
- provide myelin in CNS
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Schwann cells
- provide myelin in the PNS
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Resting potential
- inactivated state of neuron
| - negatively charged and positive ions cannot get in
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Presynaptic cell fires and:
- releases NT from its terminal button as a messenger
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Postsynaptic potentials and postsynaptic cell detect presence of NT and:
- cause ion channels to open up
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Postsynaptic potential (2 forms):
- changes in nerve cell's charge as the result of stimulation
1) EPSP
2) IPSP
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- positive charges from outside are allowed in (depolarization) and increase chance that cell will fire
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Depolarization
- increases the chance that cell will fire
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
- few positive charges in cell body are let out (hyperpolarizaton) and body is even more negative than outside
- decrease chance that cell will fire
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Action potential or nerve impulses
- when cell stimulated with enough positive ions and fires
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The all or none law
- refers to fact that once minimum threshold for stimulation is met = nerve impulses sent
- intensity always the same
- indicates how many signals are fired not how strong the stimulus is
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How does the action potential travel down the axon:
- frequently 'jumping' from one node of Ranvier to the next bc on increased insulation
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Saltatory conduction
- jumping from one node to next
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Absolute refractory period
- time after a neuron fires in which it cannot respond to stimulation
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Relative refractory period
- time after absolute refractory where neuron can fire but it needs a stronger stimulus
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What happens after NT is done? (2 things)
1) reuptake where NT is reabsorbed into synpatic cell
2) deactivated by enzymes
- process keeps messenger from continually stimulating neurons
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Acteylcholine
- released at neuromuscular junction to cause contraction of skeletal muscles
- invovled in parasympathetic nervous system
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Endorphines
- pleasure and analgesia
| - exogenous endorphines are highly addictive
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Monoanimes (2 classes)
- comprise of 2 classes of NT
1) Indolamnes
2) Catecholamines
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Indolamines
- include serotonin
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Catecholamines
- include dopamine - related to reward and addiction
- too little = motor degenerative disease
- too much = schizophrenia
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Amno acids
- present in fast acting directed synapses
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Glutamate
- most abundent excitatory NT
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- most abundent inhibitory NT
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Neuromodulators
- NT that cause long term changes in postsynaptic cell
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Agonists
- NT increases effect of Nt e.g. SSRIS increase serotonin activity
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Antagonists
- decrease the effect of specific NT
| e. g. botox an acetylcholine that decrease muscle activity
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Pituitary gland
- controlled by hypothalamus and regulates hormones in body
| - characterized as either organizational or activational
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H-Y antigen (organizational)
- presence during development causes fetus to be a male
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Androgens (testosterone; organizational)
- increase in males causes genital maturity and secondary sex characterisitcs
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Estrogen (organizational)
- increase females genital maturity and secondary sex characteristics
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Mearche (organizational)
- onset of menstrual cycle
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Lutenizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulting hormone (FSH) (activational)
- hormones that changes during menstrual cycle
- regulate development of ovum and trigger ovulation in females
- promotes sperm development and testosterone
- also estradiol, progesterone
103
Oxytocin
- released in pituitary and facilitate birth and breast feeding
- involved in pair bonding
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Vasopressin
- released in pituitary
| - reglates water levels in body and blood pressure
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Thyriod stimulating hormone
- released from the pituitary
| - activates the thyroid
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- released from the pituitary
| - stress hormone that increases production of androgens and cortisol
107
Electroencephalograms (EEG)
- measure brain wave patterns and sleep/wake states
108
Sleep has 2 phases:
1) Non REM: takes about 1/2 hour to pass through 4 stages
| 2) REM
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Stage 0 (non rem)
- prelude to sleep
- low amplitude and fast frequency alpha waves appear in brain
- relaxed and drowsy
110
Alpha waves in stage 0 (low amplitude, fast frequency) AKA
- neural synchrony
111
Stage 1 (non rem)
- eyes roll
- alpha waves turn into irregular theta waves (low amplitude and slow frequency)
- loses responsiveness and has fleeting thoughts
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Stage 2 (non rem)
- AKA theta wave stage
- fast burst of brain activity called sleep spindles
- muscle tensions, heart decline, respiration and temperature decline
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Sleep Spindles
- fast frequency bursts of brain activity
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Stage 3 (non rem)
- takes 30 mins after falling asleep
- few sleep spindles
- high amplitude and low frequency delta waves
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Stage 4 (non rem)
- delta waves occur more than 50% of time
- deepest level of sleep during delta waves
- heart rate, temperature, blood flow rduced and GH is secreted
- if woken up, person is groggy and confused
116
REM
- 20% is REM; interspersed with non REM every 30-40 mins
- dreams are experienced
- same low amplitude, fast frequency beta waves of waking state (neural desynchrony) but mscles decrease to paralysis and sudeen twiches
- last from 15 mins to 1 hour
117
Beta waves in REM sleep (low amplitude, high frequency) AKA
- neural desynchrony
118
REM AKA
- paradoxial sleep
119
Rebound effect
- when people are deprived of REM sleep
| - compensat the next night by spending more time in REM sleep
120
How many cycles of sleep to people complete? How long is each cycle? What stages take place when?
- 4 - 6 each night
- each cycle last 90 mins
- stage 3 and 4 early in night then stage 2 and REM later on in night
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Infant vs. Eldery sleep hours
- 16 vs. 6
122
REM sleep comprises of how much sleep in birth and the decreases to:
- comprises of half of total sleep then decreases to 25%
