LANGUAGE Flashcards
Phonemes
- sounds that carry no meaning
Phonics
- learning to read by sounding out the phonemes
Morphemes
- made up of phonemes
- smallest unit of language
e. g. boy and ing
Phrase
- group of words put together to function as a single syntactic part of sentence
Syntax
- arrangement of words into sentence
Grammer
- rules of interrelationship between morphemes and syntax
Morphology/morphological rules
- grammers rules on how to group morphemes
Prosody
- tone inflections
- infants can differentiate between different sounds than different expression of same sounds
Noam Chomsky
- most important psycholinguists
- transformational grammer and language acquisition device (LAD)
Transformational grammer
- differentiates between surface structure and deep structure in language
Surface structure
- way words are organized
- can be organized differently
Deep structure
- underlying meaning of sentences
- deep structure can be the same but the surface structure is different
Language acqusition device (LAD)
- inborn ability to adopt generatie grammer rules of the language
- children need to be exposed to a language in order to easily apply LAD (not through learning, memorizing, conditioning)
Ovverregulization
- overapplication of grammer rules
e. g. sheeps
Overextension
- generalizing with names for things
e. g. anything fuzzy = doggie
Telegraphic speech
- speech without articles or extras
e. g. me go
Holophrastic speech
- young child uses one word (holophrases) to convey a whole sentence
e. g. me = me want
Who learns language faster? Girls vs. boys
Girls
Bilingual children are faster or slower to learn language
Slower
Reading and writing processes in the brain
- reading and understanding and writing and processing language are processed in the same brain area
- slight differences e.g. can read but can’t understand speech
Alexia
- unable to read
Agraphia
- Unable to write
Name sequence of speech in children
1) noun
2) verb
Describe first phrases children use
1) 1 noun, 1 verb
2) 2 nouns
Language acquisition milestones:
1 year: speaks first words
2 years: 50+ words in 2 or 3 word phrases
3 years: 1000+ words vocabulary with grammer erros
4 years: grammar problems and random exceptions
Benjamin Whorf
- how culture says things influences that culture’s perspective
Whorfian hypothesis
- important of non sexist language
- howevre, cultures with no words for certain color canstill recognize them
Roger Brown
- children’s understaning of grammar rules deveops as they make a hypothesis about how syntax works and self correct with evidence
Katherine Nelson
- anguage develops with onset o active speech rather than only listening
Wiliam Labov
- “Black english” found that there is internal structure and simply not incorrect English
Vyotsky and Luria
- development of word meaning
- altered by experience
- language is a tool invovled in development of abstract thinking
Charles Osgood
- semantics, word meanings by creating semantic differential charts and people plot meaning onto graphs
Semantic differential charts
- people with similar backgrounds and interests plot words similarily = word connotations
Word connotations
- implied meaning in words for cultures or subcultures
