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Psychology GRE > SENSATION AND PERCEPTION > Flashcards

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

SENSATION + PERCEPTION

A
  • feeling from physical stimulation

- how we organize or experience the sensations

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2
Q

3 Steps in Sensation

A

1) Reception
2) Sensory transduction
3) Neural pathways

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3
Q

Reception

A
  • receptors for sense detect stimulus
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4
Q

Receptive field

A
  • part of world that triggers neurons
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5
Q

Sensory transduction

A
  • physical senstion is changed into electrical messages and brain can understand
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6
Q

Neural Pathways

A
  • info is understood
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7
Q

Nativist theory

A
  • perception and cognition are innate
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8
Q

Structuralist theory (bottom up or top down?)

A
  • perception is sum total of sensory input

- world is understood by bottom-up processing

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9
Q

Gestalt psychology (bottom up or top down?)

A
  • revolves around perception and that people see world as organized wholes
  • world is understood through top down processing
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10
Q

Current thinking of sensation and perception theory?

A
  • perception is innate and learned/conceptual
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11
Q

Perceptual development

A
  • increasing ability for child to make finer discrimination among stimuli
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12
Q

James Gibb

A
  • perceptual development
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13
Q

Optic array

A
  • all of a thing a person sees
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14
Q

Photons and waves

A
  • measure brightness and wavelengths
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15
Q

Hue

A
  • color

- dominant wavelength of light

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16
Q

Brightness

A

-physical intensity

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17
Q

Cornea

A
  • clear protective coating on eye
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18
Q

Lens

A
  • located behind cornea
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19
Q

Ciliary muscle

A
  • bend the lens to accommodate and focus image of outside world onto retina
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20
Q

Retina

A
  • back of the eye that receive lights images from lens

- composed of photoreceptor cells

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21
Q

Receptor cells

A
  • on the retina are responsible for sensory transduction
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22
Q

How does sensory transduction occur?

A
  • through chemical alteration of photopigments
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23
Q

Rods

A
  • sensitive to dim light and used for night vision

- concntrated on sides of retina for periperal vision

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24
Q

Cones

A
  • concentrated on center of retina (fovea)
  • greatest visual acuity for fine detail
  • sees color and daylight
  • better than rods because there are fewer cones per ganglion cell
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25
Q

Fovea

A
  • center of retina where cones are concentrated
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26
Q

Process of light passing through receptors

A
  • after light passes through receptors ==> horizional cells ==> bipolar cells ==> amacrine cells ==> ganglion cells (make up the optic nerve)
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27
Q

Describe the visual pathway starting from the eyes

A
  • eyes connect to cerebral cortex through visual pathway
  • consist of optic nerve connects each eye to brain ==> optic chiasm (half of fibers from optic nerve cross) ==> striate cortex ==> visual assocation areas of cortex
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28
Q

Optic chiams

A
  • where 50% of fibers from one eye cross over and join optic nerve from other eye
  • ensures brain see full picture
  • left visual field is processed in right side of brain and vice versa
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29
Q

Opponent-color or opponent process

A
  • theory by Ewald Hering
  • 2 types of color sensitive cells exists = blue-yellow and red-green
  • one color is stimulated then other color is habituated
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30
Q

Afterimage

A
  • Ewald Hering
  • focusing on one color then looking at white image will produce afterimage of the habituated color e.g. red ==> wall ==> green afterimage
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31
Q

Tri-color theory or component theory

A
  • Young and Helmholtz
  • 3 types of receptors in retina:
    1) red cones
    2) green cones
    3) blue cones
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32
Q

Young and Helmholtz

A
  • Tri-color theory or component theory
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33
Q

Where does the opponent process theory

A
  • at work in lateral geniculate body
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34
Q

Where does the tri-color theory seem to be at work?

A
  • in the retina
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35
Q

Lateral inhibition

A
  • eyes to see contrast and prevents repetitive information from being sent to brain
  • once receptor is stimulated the nearby ones are inhibited
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36
Q

What is Helmholtz famous for?

A
  • discovering color blindness
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37
Q

Davic Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

A
  • cells in visual cortex are complex and specialized to respond to certain types of stimuli
    e. g. vertical lines
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38
Q

Visual Field

A
  • entire span that can be percieve or detected by eye at given moment
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39
Q

Figure an Ground Relationship

A
  • relationship between meaningful part of picture (figure) ad background
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40
Q

Binocular disparity

A
  • most important depth cue

- view objects from 2 different angles which allow us to create a 3D picture

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41
Q

Apparent size

A
  • clues about how far away an objects is by knowing how big the object should be
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42
Q

Interposition

A
  • overlap of objects shows which object is closer
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43
Q

Linear perspective

A
  • showing us features we are familiar with

e. g. 2 lines converging in the distance

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44
Q

Texture gradient

A
  • how we see texture or fine detail differently from different surfaces
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45
Q

Motion Parallax

A
  • how movement is percieved through the displacement of objects over time
  • motions seems different for nearby and far away places e.g. fa away ships sem to move more slowley
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46
Q

Gibson and walk

A

-visual cliff apparatus study to see if depth perception is innate

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47
Q

Afterimage

A
  • aka McCollough effect are percieved bc of fatigue receptors
  • oppositional system for eeing color = once one is overstimulated it can no longer response and is overshadowed by it’s opposite
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48
Q

Dark adaptation

A
  • regeneration of retinal pigment
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49
Q

Mental set

A
  • why we see what we expect to see
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50
Q

Pragnanz

A
  • overarching Gestalt idea that experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical and simple whenever possible
51
Q

Closure

A
  • tendency to complete incomplete figures
52
Q

Proximity

A
  • tendency to group together items that are near eachother
53
Q

Continuation or good continution

A
  • tendency to crate a whole or detailed figure based on our expectations rather than what is seen
54
Q

Symmetry

A
  • tendency to make figures out of symmetrical images
55
Q

Constancy

A
  • how people percieve objects in way that they are familiar with them regardless of changes in acual retinal image
    e. g. book is always percieved as rectangle
56
Q

Size constancy

A
  • knowing that an elephant is large no matter how it might appear
57
Q

Color constancy

A
  • knowing the color of object even with tinted glass
58
Q

Minimum principle

A
  • tendency to see what is easiest of logical
59
Q

Ambiguous figures

A
  • percieved as 2 different things depending on how you look at them
60
Q

Figure- ground reversal patterns

A
  • ambiguous figures percieved as 2 different things depending on which part you see as the figure and which part you see as the background
61
Q

Impossible objects

A
  • been drawn and can be perceived but are geometrically impossible
62
Q

Moon illusion

A
  • shows how context affects perception
  • moons look larger when seen on horizon than seen in te sky
  • visual cues make moon seeem more distant than sky
63
Q

Phi phenomenon

A
  • tendency to percieve smooth motion

- explains why motions if inferrd when there is none by flashing lights

64
Q

Apparent motion

A
  • when motion is inferred when there is non

e. g. in cartoons

65
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A
  • most famous visual illusion
  • 2 horizontal lines of equal lengths appear unequal because of orientation of arrow that marks the end
  • inward arrows make line seem shorter
66
Q

Ponzo illusion

A
  • 2 horiztontal lines of equal length appear unequal becuase of 2 vertical line that slant inward
67
Q

Autokinetic effect

A
  • single point of light viewed in dark will appear to shake or move
  • reason is constant movement in our own eyes
68
Q

Purkinje shift

A
  • way that percieved color brightness changes with level of illumination in room
  • lower illumination the extreme colors are less bright
69
Q

Pattern recognition

A
  • explained by template matching and feature detection
70
Q

Template matching

A
  • pick out shapes that match what you are looking for
71
Q

Feature detection

A
  • concentrate on shape you are looking for to scan
72
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • inability to recognize faces
73
Q

Robert Fantz

A
  • infants prefer complex and sensical displays
74
Q

Absolute threshold

A
  • minimum amount of stimuli that can be detected 50% of time
75
Q

Differential threshold

A
  • AKA just noticable difference
  • minimm difference that occur between 2 stimuli for them to percieve as different
  • defined by E.H. Weber
76
Q

E.H. Weber

A
  • differential threshold or just noticable difference
77
Q

Terminal threshold

A
  • upper limit above which the stimuli can no longer be percieved
78
Q

Weber’s law

A
  • stimulus need to be increased by a constant fraction of original value in order to be noticed as different
    ==> K(the constnt fraction) = change in increase in intenity for JND/original intensity
79
Q

Fechner’s law

A
  • more complicated tan Weber’s law
  • strenght of stimuli must be signiicantly increased to produce a slight difference in sensation
    ==> S(sensation strengh) = K log R (a logarithm of the original intensity)
80
Q

J.A. Swet’s Theroy of Signal Detection (TSD)

A
  • subjects detect stimuli because they want to
  • factors in motivation
  • explains why subjects respond inconsistently
81
Q

Response bias

A
  • related to theory of signal detect

- interplay between response bias and stimulus intesnsity determines response

82
Q

False alarm

A
  • detect stimulus that is not there
83
Q

Hit

A
  • correctly sensing a stimulus
84
Q

Miss

A
  • failing to detect a present stimulus
85
Q

Correct rejection

A
  • Rightly stating that there is no stimulus
86
Q

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

A
  • graphical representations of a subject’s sensitivity to a stimulus
87
Q

What 2 things are humans sensitive to in sound?

A
  • pitch and loudness
88
Q

Amplitude

A
  • physical intensity of sound wave that determines loudness
89
Q

Frequency

A
  • pace of vibrations per second for sound that determines pitch
  • low frequency = low pitch
90
Q

How is frequency measured?

A
  • in hertz (Hz)

- humans best hear around 100 Hz

91
Q

What are the 3 major part of the ear:

A

1) Outer ear
2) Middle ear
3) Inner ear

92
Q

Outer ear

A
  • conists of parts you can see
  • pinna and auditory canal
  • vibrations travel down the canal to the middle ear
93
Q

Middle ear

A
  • begins with the tympanic membrane (aka eardrum) that is stretched behind the auditory canal
  • 3 small bones (ossicles) the last which is stapes is behind the tympanic memrane
  • vibrations bump into membrane and ossicles
94
Q

Ossicles

A

1) Malleus
2) Incus
2) Stapes
- found behind the tympanic membrane

95
Q

Inner ear

A
  • responsible for hearing a balance
  • begins with oval window (tapped upon by stapes)
  • vibrations are sent to cochlea (contain basilar membrane and organ of corti for hearing) by activating the hair-cell receptors
96
Q

Traveling wave

A
  • movement from basilar membrane’s hair-cell receptors
97
Q

Vestibular sacs

A
  • respond to hair movement and sensitive to tilt to give us sense of balance
98
Q

Receptor cells (in ear)

A
  • activate nerve cells that change information into electrical message that brain processes
99
Q

What consists of the auditory system that leads to the auditory cortex?

A
  • olivary nucleas
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate body
100
Q

Helmholtz famous for what beside color blindness?

A
  • place resonance theory of sound perception
101
Q

Place resonance theory of sound perception

A
  • different parts of basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
102
Q

Sound localization

A
  • achieved in various ways
  • e.g. degree in which sounds are more intense than others give us an idea of the origin of sound
  • high frequencies = localized by intensity
  • low frquencies = localized by phase differneces
103
Q

Dichotic presentation

A
  • used to study auditory perception and selective attention
104
Q

Selective attention using dichotic presentation

A
  • verbal messages are presented into ear
  • message are different and subject is asked to shadow (repeat) after one message
  • process of tuning in to something specific
105
Q

What is the most primitive sense?

A

Olfaction

106
Q

Olfactory bulb

A
  • hair recptors send their message to
  • lies in base of the brain
  • strongly connected to memory and perception of taste
107
Q

Gustation (name 5)

A

1) sweet
2) bitter
3) sour
4) salty
5) umami

108
Q

Papillae

A
  • aka taste buds

- saliva mixes with food so flavour can flow into papillae

109
Q

What 4 sense can human skin feel?

A
  • touch
  • pain
  • warmth
  • cold
110
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • detect pain and changes in temperature
111
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A
  • detect touch or contact
112
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • touch receptors that respond to displacement of skin
113
Q
  • 2 point threshold
A
  • the size of 2 point threshold for touch is largely determined by density and layout of nerves in skin
114
Q

Physiological zero

A
  • temperature that is sensed as neither warm nor cold
115
Q

Ronald Melzack and Wall’s

A
  • Gate control theory of pain
  • pain is a process vs. simple sensation
  • interaction of large an small nerve fibers that run to and from spine
  • pain percieved depending on various factors e.g cognition
116
Q

Phantom limb pain

A
  • feel sensation of pain in limbs that don’t exist in amputees
117
Q

Endorphins

A
  • neuromodulators that kick in to reduce perception of pain
118
Q

Orientating reflex

A
  • tendency to turn toward an object that has touched you
119
Q

Simulations

A
  • perceptual cue that make artifical situations seem real
120
Q

Subliminal perception

A
  • perceiving a stimulus without conscious awareness
121
Q

Kinesthetic sense or proprioception

A
  • information from receptors in joints and muscles telling you where the position of your body is
122
Q

Osmoreceptors

A
  • deal with thirst
123
Q

Afterimage AKA

A

The McCollough effect

Psychology GRE (15 decks)

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