LIFESPAND DEVELOPMENTAL Flashcards
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- stud of transition that accompanies physical growth or maturation
Fertilization
- occurs in fallopian tube
- zygote goes through 3 stages of gestation
Germinal stsge
- last 2 weeks
- zygote moves down follopain tube and gros in 64 cells
- implants itself into wall of the uterus
Embyronic stage
- lasts until 2 month
- organ formation
Fetal stages
- last from 3 months to birth
- quantitative growth occurs during this stage and movement (quickening)
when does HY antigentcuase testis to form?
- 6 weeks
When does testosteron form?
- 3 months
Neonate
- newborn whos behaviour is reflexive
Reflexes
1) sucking
2) head turning
3) moro - throw out limbs
4) Babinski - fanning of toes
5) palmar - grabbing something
Adolescence
- from 13-19 years where puberty begins
- Adrenal and pituitary gland secrete estrogen or androgen for secondary sex characteristics
Nature vs. nurture
- use monozygotic and dizygotic twins to explore genetic and environmental influences
Piaget
- cognitive development in child
- interaction between internal maturation and external epeirnce creates qualitiative changes
- language development determined by these stages
Adaptation (piaget)
- occurs through assimilation and accomodation (fitting new info into ideas and modifying cognitive schema to incorporate new information)
- order of steps do not vary
Sensorimotor (1) - cognitive development
- 0-2 years
- relflexive behaviour
- circular reactions - manipulate environment
- object permance - know object exists even when cannot see it
- representation - visualizing and putting word to objects
Preoperational (2) - cognitive development
- 2- 7 years
- egocentric understaingin
- acquire words
- can’t perform mental operations
- can’t understand quantity
Concrete operation (3) - cognitive development
- 7-12 years
- understand concrete realtionships e.g. math
- conservation - changes in shape doesn’t mean changes in volume
Formal operations (4) - cognitive development
- 12 years
- understand abstract relationships e.g. logic and reasoning
Gelman
- Piaget underestimated cognitive ability ot preschoolers
- can deal with ideas e.g. quanitity in small set of objects
Moral development
- 3 stages by piaget
Stage 1 moral development
- 4-7 years
- imitates rule following behaviour, does not question acceptance
Stage 2 moral development
- 7-11 years
- understand rules and follows them
Stage 3 moral development
- 12+ years
- applies abstract thinking to rules
- can change rules if all parties agree
Freud personality development
- driving force for humans was sexual gratification
- parental over-or underindulgence at particular stage may result in fixation
- life stressors later in life may result in regression (to earlier stage)
Regression (frued peronaliy development)
- life stressors later in life may results in regression
Oral (1)
- birth - 19 mos
- recieve pleasure orally through sucking, biting etc.
Anal (2)
- 18 mos to 3 years
- recieves pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals
- boys develop oedipus complex (jealous of father) and girls develop electra complex (penis envy)
- boys motivated to suppres lust by castration anxiety
Latency (3)
- adolescence
- repressed sexuality
- identify with same sex friends and focus on growing up
Genital (4)
- adolescnce-adulthood
- hormones awaken and sexual instinct
- love objects are now nonfamilial
Kohlberg
- moral development by analyzing response in children though 9 hypothetical moral dilemnas
Heinz dilemna
- woman is dying and needs expensive medication
- husband can’t afford medication - should she steal it or let her die?
Preconventional/premoral (1) kohlberg
- “if I steal medicine, I will get in trouble”
Level 1: should avoid punishment
Level 2: should gain rewards
Conventional/morality of conformity (2) kohlberg
- “stelaing is against the law”
Level 2: should gain approval
Level 3: should follow law and authority
Postconventional/morality of self-accepted principles (3) kohlberg
” if its unjust that money is an obstacle to life. it is ethical that I save my wife”
Level 5: beyond black and white of law; attentive to rights and social welfare
Level 6: makes decision based on abstract ethical principles
Carol Gilligan
- Kohlebr’s moral development was biased towards males becuase it dominated by rules, whereas womans morality focuses more on compassion
Erik Erikson
- life span development
- each stage of life has it’s own unique psychosocial conflict to resolve
Birth-18mos (life span)
- trust vs. istrust
- resolution = trust
18 mos - 3 years (life span)
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- resoltuion = independnece
3-6 years (life span)
- initiative vs. guilty
- resolution = purpose
6-puberty (life span)
- industry vs. inferiorrity
- resolution = competency
teen years (life span)
- identity vs. role confusion
- resolution = sense of self
- gave term to “identity crisis”
Young adult (life span)
- intimacy vs. isolation
- resolution = love
Middle age (life span)
- producitivty vs. stagnation
- resoltuion = producitivty and caring
Old age (life span)
- ego integrity vs. despair
- resolution = wisdom and integrity
Bowlby
- infants are motivated to attach to other for positive reason and for negative ones (avoiding fear)
- critical during senitive period to prevent character and stability problems
Ainsworth
- studied attachment through strange situation
- overall children demonstrateed stranger anxity (crying when stranger enterd)
- children responded differently to mothers who entered the room
- work carried on by Mary Main
Securely attached
- ran an clung to their mothers
- more readily explore the environment
Avoidant attached
- ignored or avoided their mothers
Ambivalent attached
- infants squirmed or kciekd if their mothers tried to comfort them
Baumrind
- studied relationship between parenting stlyes and personality development
- authortarian, authoritative and permissive
Authoritarian
- demandng, unaffection
- had children who were withdrawn and unhappy
Permissive parenting
- affectionate, not strict
- had children who were happy but lacking elf-control and self-reliance
Authoritative parent
- affection, firm but fair
- had chidren who were self-confident, assertive, friendly, happy and high functioning
- help children understand and accept norms of society and how to function
John watson’s behavioustic approach to development
- chidren were pasively molded by their environment and that behaviour emerges through imiation of their parents
Internal maturational factors
- control motor development for the first 2 years of life
Interacting with infants through attention and affection
- fosters their physical, emotional, IQ development
- neglectd children show mental retardation and morality
Gesseel
- nature provided a blueprint for development through maturation and environment filled in the details
Children who identify as aggressive in early age:
- remain moderatly aggressive at later stages
Sex-typed beahviour
- beahviour that seems sterotypical for gender
- low at young and older life
- highest during adolescence
Boys who reach puberty sooner:
- psychologicall and socially advantagous
Career aspirations of children:
- usually similar to their parents
Hermaphrodie or intersex
- both male and female genitals
- most likely result of female fetus beng expose to higher levels of testosterone
Symbolic play
- children 1-2 years pretend roles and use objects to represent things
- apparent that they understand conceps of having one object stand for the other
Parallel play
- when children 2-3 are standing next to eachother and playing in similar style but by themselves and not interacting with others
