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Psychology GRE > PERSONALITY > Flashcards

PERSONALITY Flashcards

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1
Q

PERSONALITY

A
  • study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently
  • overlap between clinical theorist and personality
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2
Q

Old school: type theory

A
  • based on physical appearance
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3
Q

Phrenology (type theory)

A
  • practice of examinging head and skull shape used to determine personality
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4
Q

Sheldon (type theory)

A
  • system based on somatotypes (body)

- 3 types

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5
Q

Endomorph

A
  • short, plump body = pleasure seeking, social behaviour
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6
Q

Mesomorph

A
  • muscular, atheltic body = energetic, aggressive behaviour
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7
Q

Ectomorph

A
  • skinny, fragile body = inhibited, intellectural behaviour
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8
Q

Alder (personality typology)

A
  • most recent than sheldon to use personality typology

- choleric, phelgmatic, melancholic, sanguine

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9
Q

New school: trait theory

A
  • allport emphasize ideograhpic approach to personality
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10
Q

Ideographic approach

A
  • captures unique, defining characteristics
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11
Q

Nomothetic approach

A
  • uses large numbers of ppl to study commonalites of personality
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12
Q

Allport’s concern in ideographic approch

A
  • proprium or propriate function (his version of the ego)

- bevlievd that proprium acted on a consistent basis via traits that had develoed through experiene

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13
Q

Traits

A
  • stable characteristics of beavhiour that person exhibits
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14
Q

Lexical approach

A
  • picking all tratis out of dictioning
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15
Q

People act differnt in different situations because of:

A
  • trait hierarchy
  • cardinal trait, central trait, secondary traits
  • situations may cause conflicting secondary traits but will always have consistent cardinal traits
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16
Q

States

A
  • temporary feelings or characteristiccs
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17
Q

Taxonomies

A
  • statistical techniques to create organized categorization systems for personality
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18
Q

Cattell’s personality facors

A
  • used factor analysis in reduce allport 5000 traits

- identified 16 bipolar source traits e.g. relaxed-tense

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19
Q

Big 5

A
  • using computer models

- could not replicate cattells’ 16 personality factors but found 5 superfactors

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20
Q

O dimension

A
  • openness to experience, intellectural curiosity
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21
Q

C dimension

A
  • conscienctiousness
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22
Q

E dimension

A
  • extraversion, enthusiam
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23
Q

A dimension

A
  • agreeableness
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24
Q

N dimension

A
  • neuroticism, nervousnesss
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25
Q

Dispositionits

A
  • orgianlly dominated personality theory

- emphasized internal determinants of behaviour

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26
Q

Situationsits

A
  • such as behaviourist aruge that only circusmtances determine baheviour
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27
Q

Interactionists

A
  • combination of stalbe, internal factors and situations influence behaviour
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28
Q

Epstien and Mischel

A
  • trait and type theories are problematic

- assume person’s beahviour is stable across situations and fail to account for circumstnaces

29
Q

Consistency paradox

A
  • that people may behave inconsistently

- problematic for labeling people as having 1 internal disposition

30
Q

Cantor

A
  • cogntiive prototpe approach
  • cognitive behaviour is examined in social situtions
  • consistency of behaviour is result of cognitive process vs. personality traits
31
Q

Heritability of personality

A
  • 40-50% based on twin studies
32
Q

Nature nuture debate

A
  • most alive in gender difference

- after accounting for social reinforcement, few gender difference exists

33
Q

Deux and women’s success

A
  • sterotypical male task are attributed to luck and men’s success is attributed to skill
  • gender is social construct
  • women have lower self-esteem because also contriute success to luck
34
Q

Bem - androgyny

A
  • possesing both M and F qualities
  • Bem Sex Role Inventory
  • have higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, more adapatiblity than counterparts
35
Q

Horner

A
  • females shunned masculine type success not because of fear of failure or interest but because they feared success and it’s negative reprucssion e.g resentment and rejection
36
Q

Maccoby and Jacklin

A
  • critcized sex differnce
  • few existed and could not be explained by social learning
  • consistent differences are females have greater verbal skills and males have greater visual/spatial ability
  • attributed to biological and hormal differnces
37
Q

Depression - woman vs. men

A
  • woman 2x
38
Q

Friedman and rosenman

A
  • studied type A personality
  • drive, competition, aggressiveness, tension and hostility
  • found in upper class men
39
Q

Dahstrom

A
  • linked type A personality to heart disease
40
Q

Authoritarianmis

A
  • dispositon to view world as full of power relationships

- highly domineering or highly submissivee depdneing on if they are in power or around someone more powerful

41
Q

F- scale

A
  • measures authoritarianism

- conventional, aggression, sterotyping and anti-introspective individuals

42
Q

Eysenck

A
  • used factor analysis to find underlying tratis of 2 personality type dimensions
  • introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable (neurotic)
43
Q

2 dimesnions of Eysenck formed 4 quandrants

A
  • phlegmatic
  • melancholic
  • choleric
  • sanguine
44
Q

2 dimensions of Eysenck using factor analysis of the 2 personality-type dimensions

A
  • introversion-extraversion

- stable-unstable (neuroticism)

45
Q

Maslow (personality)

A
  • hierarchy of needs
46
Q

Kelley (personality)

A
  • personal constructs (conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations) determine personality and behaviours
47
Q

Epstien (personality)

A
  • critical personality trait theory
48
Q

External locus of control

A
  • personality characteristics that cause one to view events as the results of luck or fate
  • too much of this breeds helplessness
49
Q

Internal locus of control

A
  • cause a person to view events as the outcome of her own actions
  • too much of this can breed self-blame
    (developed by Julian Rotter)
50
Q

Julian Rotter

A
  • external and internal locus of control
51
Q

Implicit theories

A
  • people often make assumptions about the disposition of an individual based on the actions of that person
52
Q

Dispositional attribution

A
  • tendency for other to think that actions are caused by person’s personality than by the situation
53
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  • tendency for others to think that ctions are caused more by a person’s personality than by situation
54
Q

Barnum effect

A
  • tendency to agree with and accept personality inerpretations that are provided
55
Q

Pheomenological view of personaity types

A
  • focuses on individuals’ unique self and experiences
56
Q

Self awareness (state)

A
  • temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling or doing
57
Q

Mirrors (personality)

A
  • make people more self-aware
  • small mirrors = not make people self-aware because we see small mirrors all the time
  • large = see ourselves as others do
58
Q

Self-monitoring

A
  • characterized by scutiny of one’s own behaviour, motivation to act appropriately rather than honeslty, and ability to mask true feelings
59
Q

Self-consciousness

A
  • a trait
  • refers to how one generally becomes self-aware
  • if you pay alot of attention to yourself = self-aware
60
Q

Self-esteem

A
  • knowing that you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual streghts
  • 50% people percieve themselves accurately
  • 35% percieve themselves narcissitically
61
Q

Self-efficacy

A
  • person’s beliefs that they can effectively perform a task
62
Q

Narcissim

A
  • believe you are better than everyone

- unrealistic

63
Q

Self-handicapping

A
  • self-defeating beahviour that allows one to dismiss failure
64
Q

Learned helplessness

A
  • Seligman
  • how expeirne can change peope’s personalities
  • when feel out of control, negative explanatory style
  • person gives up
  • countered with learned optimism
65
Q

Learned optimism

A
  • countes learned helplessness
66
Q

Costa and McCrae

A
  • personality changes very little after age 30
67
Q

Stimulus-seeking

A
  • individuals have great need for arousal
68
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Californi Personality Inventory (CPI)

A
  • 2 most famous personality tests
69
Q

Henry Murray

A
  • develop Thematic Apperception test (TAT)
  • ambiguous story card
  • people would project their own needs onto these cards e.g. need for achievement

Psychology GRE (15 decks)

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