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Psychology GRE > HISTORY > Flashcards

HISTORY Flashcards

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1
Q

HISTORY

A
  • extends from philosophy to current thought

- debates regarding nature of existence and the mind entangled philosophers

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2
Q

Socrates (BCE)

A
  • OG philosoper mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth, beauty and justice
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3
Q

Plato (BCE)

A
  • Socrates pupil
  • physical world is not all that can be known
  • presence of universal forms and innate knowledge
  • abstract and unsystematic
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4
Q

Aristole (BCE)

A
  • Plato’s pupil
  • world’s 1st professor
  • order and logic
  • truth is found in the physical world
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5
Q

Middle ages (500-1600)

A
  • 2 major changes
  • undrstanding mysterious worlds suddenly became question for the church
  • then, during mordern world philsophy was reclaimed by scholars
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6
Q

Scientific revolution (1600-1700)

A
  • created the world we know today

- world is not center of universe, man is mere part of machine and not operator

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7
Q

Rene Descartes (SR)

A

” I think therefore I am”

  • truths about reason and deduction
  • dualism (mind body problem)
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8
Q

Dualism

A
  • Descartes

- mind body problem (dualism) that mind is nonphysical substance that is separate from body

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9
Q

John Locke (SR)

A
  • man’s brain is a tabula rasa (blank slate) when entering the world
  • we know we comes from experience
  • knowledge is not innate
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10
Q

Thomas Hobbes (SR)

A
  • humans are machines and sense-perception was all that could be known
  • suggest science could be formed to explain people
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11
Q

Enlightment (1700-1800)

A
  • most were sold on science and reason but many held onto metaphysics
  • undrstanding mind and existence was most important
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12
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  • countred Locke that mind is active and not passive
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13
Q

The brink of psychology (1800-1900)

A
  • study of mind was pressing issue for philosophers and psychologists
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14
Q

Anton Mesmer (Psyc)

A
  • creator of popular science
  • believed healing of physical ailments came from manipulation of people’s bodily fluids
  • thought animal magnetism was responsible for patient recovery
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15
Q

Mesmerism

A
  • Mesmer technique of mind control (hypnotim)
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16
Q

Franz Josheph Gall (Psyc)

A
  • ideas from physiology and philosophy to create phrenology

- saw features of skull to be indicators of personality

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17
Q

Phrenology

A
  • idea that nature of a person could be know by examining shape and contour of skull
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18
Q

Spurzheim (Psyc)

A
  • carried on Gall’s work even when scientist proved his theory to be incorect
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19
Q

Darwin (Psyc)

A
  • wrote orgin of species and the descent of man

- made evolution a scientifically sound principle by positing natural selection as driving force

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20
Q

Sir Francis Galton (Psyc)

A
  • traveled and made important random contributions to psychology
  • 1st used in statistics and created correlation coefficient
  • used Darwin principles to promote eugenics
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21
Q

Eugenics

A
  • plan for selective human breeding in order to strengthen the species
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22
Q

Gustav Fechner (Psyc)

A
  • founding of experimental psychology because of “elements of psychophysics”
  • 1st systematic psychology experiement with mathematical consclusions
  • when previously when it was tought that mind could not be studied empirically
23
Q

Johannes Muller (Psyc)

A
  • physioloist who stated that existence of “specific nerve energeis”
24
Q

wilhem Wundt (Psyc)

A
  • student of muller
  • best known as found of psychology for finding 1st official laboratory for psychology and began 1st psychology journal
  • idea were forerunners of Tichener’s and attempted to study and analyze consciousness
25
Q

Herbert Spencer (Psyc)

A
  • father of psychology of adaptation and sociology
  • used Lamarckian evolution (characteristics acquired during life can be passed down) to undrstand ppl
  • ppl are elevated via bigger associations they can make in life
26
Q

William James (Psyc)

A
  • father of experimental psychology
  • combning field of physiology nd philosophy
  • inspired writing of psychology by writing about mind’s stream of consciousness and functionalist ideas vs. structuralist ideas of discreete conscious elements
27
Q

Hermmann von Helmholtz (Psyc)

A
  • studied sensation
  • esp. hearing and vision
  • founder of modern perception research
28
Q

Stanley Hall (Psyc)

A
  • recieved first phd from Harvard

- coined the term adolecence and started the “american journal of psychology” and founded the APA

29
Q

John Dewey (Psyc)

A
  • Americans most influential philosophers

- best known for work in reflex arc

30
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • Dewey
  • denied animals respond to environment through disjointed stimulus and response chains
  • said animas are adapting to environment rather than processing isolated stimuli
  • work was foundation for functionalism
31
Q

Functionalism

A
  • drawn from Darwin, functionalism examined adaptive nature of mind and body through obersvation
32
Q

James Cattell (Psyc)

A
  • opened psycgology laboratories at U of Pennslyvania and Columbia
  • thought psychology should be more scientific than Wundt did
33
Q

Dorothea Lynde Dix (Psyc)

A
  • spearhead 19th century movement to provide better care for mentally ill through hospitalization
34
Q

Pavlov (1900+)

A
  • winner of Nobel Prize for work on digestion

- accident disovery of behavioural concept classical conditioning

35
Q

Watson (1900+)

A
  • expanded ideas of Pavlolv by finding school of beahviouralism
  • studied stimulus-response chains, observable behaviours
  • saw humans as specieis ready to be trained by environment
36
Q

Nature vs. nurture

A
  • AKA evolutionary psychology vs. social contructionism
  • whether psychological phnomena are result of genetics of enviornment
  • oldest debate in psychology
37
Q

Throndike

A
  • law of effect

- precursor of operant conditioning

38
Q

Skinner

A
  • behaviourist who studied ideas of throndike and Watson

- Skinner box lead to principles of operant conditionign

39
Q

Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka

A
  • forged school Gestalt psychology in 1900 to study mind and experience in distinct parts
  • in perception the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
40
Q

Frued

A
  • most important figures in clincial, abnormal, peronality psychology
  • 3 part structure of mind
  • importance on unconscious motivations
  • began psychoanlysis
  • several famous writings
41
Q

Adler

A
  • created own individual psychology when broke free from Freud
  • motivated by inferiority
  • 4 type personality (choleric, phylegmatic, melancholic, snaguine)
42
Q

Jung

A
  • Frued’s student
  • Broke from frued and place empahsis away from sec drive making analytic psychology
  • metaphysical and mythological components e.g. collective uncionscious and archetypes
43
Q

Piaget

A
  • developmental psychology work in cognitive development of children
44
Q

Clark Hull

A
  • mechanistic behavioural ideas that explained motivation as performance = drive x habit
  • later modified by Kenneth Spence
45
Q

Edward Tolman

A
  • behaviourist who valued beahviour and cognition
  • theory of purposive behaviour that learning is acquired thourhg meaningful behaviour (signed learning)
  • rats formed cognitive maps vs. just blindly moving
  • Expectancy-value theory (performance = expectation x value)
46
Q

Clinical psychology

A
  • emerged after WW2 and changed psychology to more practical field
  • people wanted treatment and research was transfered into practical techniques
47
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A
  • founder of ethology famous for imprinting in ducklings
48
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • famous for creation of client centerd therapy
  • client directs course of therapy and recieves unconditional psotivie regard
  • first to record therapy sessions for later reference
49
Q

Humanistic

A
  • Therapy using unconditonal positive regard positive views of humans
50
Q

Maslow

A
  • Leader of humanistic psychology
  • examined normal of optimal functioning vs. abnormal functioning
  • heirarchy of needs and ppl inheritely strive for self-improvement
51
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • 8 stages of psychosocial develpopment
  • noted for completness from infancy to old age
  • coined the term identity crisis
52
Q

Victor Frankl

A
  • existential psychology thst people innately seek meaningfulness in their lives and is root of emotional difficultiy
  • formed logotherapy
53
Q

Logotherapy

A
  • form of therapy that focuses on a person’s will to meaning
54
Q

Beck

A
  • associated with cognitive therapeutic techniques
  • problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking about world
  • therapy invovles reformulating illogical cognitiions rather than searching for life-stress cause for these cognition
  • Beck Depression Inventory

Psychology GRE (15 decks)

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