HISTORY Flashcards
1
Q
HISTORY
A
- extends from philosophy to current thought
- debates regarding nature of existence and the mind entangled philosophers
2
Q
Socrates (BCE)
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- OG philosoper mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth, beauty and justice
3
Q
Plato (BCE)
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- Socrates pupil
- physical world is not all that can be known
- presence of universal forms and innate knowledge
- abstract and unsystematic
4
Q
Aristole (BCE)
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- Plato’s pupil
- world’s 1st professor
- order and logic
- truth is found in the physical world
5
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Middle ages (500-1600)
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- 2 major changes
- undrstanding mysterious worlds suddenly became question for the church
- then, during mordern world philsophy was reclaimed by scholars
6
Q
Scientific revolution (1600-1700)
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- created the world we know today
- world is not center of universe, man is mere part of machine and not operator
7
Q
Rene Descartes (SR)
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” I think therefore I am”
- truths about reason and deduction
- dualism (mind body problem)
8
Q
Dualism
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- Descartes
- mind body problem (dualism) that mind is nonphysical substance that is separate from body
9
Q
John Locke (SR)
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- man’s brain is a tabula rasa (blank slate) when entering the world
- we know we comes from experience
- knowledge is not innate
10
Q
Thomas Hobbes (SR)
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- humans are machines and sense-perception was all that could be known
- suggest science could be formed to explain people
11
Q
Enlightment (1700-1800)
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- most were sold on science and reason but many held onto metaphysics
- undrstanding mind and existence was most important
12
Q
Immanuel Kant
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- countred Locke that mind is active and not passive
13
Q
The brink of psychology (1800-1900)
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- study of mind was pressing issue for philosophers and psychologists
14
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Anton Mesmer (Psyc)
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- creator of popular science
- believed healing of physical ailments came from manipulation of people’s bodily fluids
- thought animal magnetism was responsible for patient recovery
15
Q
Mesmerism
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- Mesmer technique of mind control (hypnotim)
16
Q
Franz Josheph Gall (Psyc)
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- ideas from physiology and philosophy to create phrenology
- saw features of skull to be indicators of personality
17
Q
Phrenology
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- idea that nature of a person could be know by examining shape and contour of skull
18
Q
Spurzheim (Psyc)
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- carried on Gall’s work even when scientist proved his theory to be incorect
19
Q
Darwin (Psyc)
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- wrote orgin of species and the descent of man
- made evolution a scientifically sound principle by positing natural selection as driving force
20
Q
Sir Francis Galton (Psyc)
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- traveled and made important random contributions to psychology
- 1st used in statistics and created correlation coefficient
- used Darwin principles to promote eugenics
21
Q
Eugenics
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- plan for selective human breeding in order to strengthen the species
22
Q
Gustav Fechner (Psyc)
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- founding of experimental psychology because of “elements of psychophysics”
- 1st systematic psychology experiement with mathematical consclusions
- when previously when it was tought that mind could not be studied empirically
23
Q
Johannes Muller (Psyc)
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- physioloist who stated that existence of “specific nerve energeis”
24
Q
wilhem Wundt (Psyc)
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- student of muller
- best known as found of psychology for finding 1st official laboratory for psychology and began 1st psychology journal
- idea were forerunners of Tichener’s and attempted to study and analyze consciousness
25
Q
Herbert Spencer (Psyc)
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- father of psychology of adaptation and sociology
- used Lamarckian evolution (characteristics acquired during life can be passed down) to undrstand ppl
- ppl are elevated via bigger associations they can make in life
26
Q
William James (Psyc)
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- father of experimental psychology
- combning field of physiology nd philosophy
- inspired writing of psychology by writing about mind’s stream of consciousness and functionalist ideas vs. structuralist ideas of discreete conscious elements
27
Q
Hermmann von Helmholtz (Psyc)
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- studied sensation
- esp. hearing and vision
- founder of modern perception research
28
Q
Stanley Hall (Psyc)
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- recieved first phd from Harvard
- coined the term adolecence and started the “american journal of psychology” and founded the APA
29
Q
John Dewey (Psyc)
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- Americans most influential philosophers
- best known for work in reflex arc
30
Q
Reflex arc
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- Dewey
- denied animals respond to environment through disjointed stimulus and response chains
- said animas are adapting to environment rather than processing isolated stimuli
- work was foundation for functionalism
31
Q
Functionalism
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- drawn from Darwin, functionalism examined adaptive nature of mind and body through obersvation
32
Q
James Cattell (Psyc)
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- opened psycgology laboratories at U of Pennslyvania and Columbia
- thought psychology should be more scientific than Wundt did
33
Q
Dorothea Lynde Dix (Psyc)
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- spearhead 19th century movement to provide better care for mentally ill through hospitalization
34
Q
Pavlov (1900+)
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- winner of Nobel Prize for work on digestion
- accident disovery of behavioural concept classical conditioning
35
Q
Watson (1900+)
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- expanded ideas of Pavlolv by finding school of beahviouralism
- studied stimulus-response chains, observable behaviours
- saw humans as specieis ready to be trained by environment
36
Q
Nature vs. nurture
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- AKA evolutionary psychology vs. social contructionism
- whether psychological phnomena are result of genetics of enviornment
- oldest debate in psychology
37
Q
Throndike
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- law of effect
- precursor of operant conditioning
38
Q
Skinner
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- behaviourist who studied ideas of throndike and Watson
- Skinner box lead to principles of operant conditionign
39
Q
Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka
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- forged school Gestalt psychology in 1900 to study mind and experience in distinct parts
- in perception the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
40
Q
Frued
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- most important figures in clincial, abnormal, peronality psychology
- 3 part structure of mind
- importance on unconscious motivations
- began psychoanlysis
- several famous writings
41
Q
Adler
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- created own individual psychology when broke free from Freud
- motivated by inferiority
- 4 type personality (choleric, phylegmatic, melancholic, snaguine)
42
Q
Jung
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- Frued’s student
- Broke from frued and place empahsis away from sec drive making analytic psychology
- metaphysical and mythological components e.g. collective uncionscious and archetypes
43
Q
Piaget
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- developmental psychology work in cognitive development of children
44
Q
Clark Hull
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- mechanistic behavioural ideas that explained motivation as performance = drive x habit
- later modified by Kenneth Spence
45
Q
Edward Tolman
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- behaviourist who valued beahviour and cognition
- theory of purposive behaviour that learning is acquired thourhg meaningful behaviour (signed learning)
- rats formed cognitive maps vs. just blindly moving
- Expectancy-value theory (performance = expectation x value)
46
Q
Clinical psychology
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- emerged after WW2 and changed psychology to more practical field
- people wanted treatment and research was transfered into practical techniques
47
Q
Konrad Lorenz
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- founder of ethology famous for imprinting in ducklings
48
Q
Carl Rogers
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- famous for creation of client centerd therapy
- client directs course of therapy and recieves unconditional psotivie regard
- first to record therapy sessions for later reference
49
Q
Humanistic
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- Therapy using unconditonal positive regard positive views of humans
50
Q
Maslow
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- Leader of humanistic psychology
- examined normal of optimal functioning vs. abnormal functioning
- heirarchy of needs and ppl inheritely strive for self-improvement
51
Q
Erik Erikson
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- 8 stages of psychosocial develpopment
- noted for completness from infancy to old age
- coined the term identity crisis
52
Q
Victor Frankl
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- existential psychology thst people innately seek meaningfulness in their lives and is root of emotional difficultiy
- formed logotherapy
53
Q
Logotherapy
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- form of therapy that focuses on a person’s will to meaning
54
Q
Beck
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- associated with cognitive therapeutic techniques
- problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking about world
- therapy invovles reformulating illogical cognitiions rather than searching for life-stress cause for these cognition
- Beck Depression Inventory
