Thinking (9.27 Lecture) Exam 2

Question 1

thinking

Answer 1

mental activity associated with knowing, remembering, solving problems, reasoning, making judgments and decisions

Question 2

the stroop effect

Answer 2

(study of color words with different colors), more likely to make errors & speak slowly when inconsistent. Delay in reaction time because system 2 is trying to override system 1.

Question 3

mode of thinking: system 1

Answer 3

automatic. procedural memory, 1st to develop, language

Question 4

mode of thinking: system 2

Answer 4

controlled. episodic memory, complicated tasks, requires focus

Question 5

what does the stroop effect tell about two modes of thinking?

Answer 5

where processes happen at the same time, takes time to switch between (have to override system 1’s automatic responses)

Question 6

drawbacks of system 2

Answer 6

overwhelmed easily, limited working memory (7 plus or minus 2) – paradox of choice, decision fatigue

Question 7

paradox of choice

Answer 7

want choices, but too many makes decisions more difficult and less satisfying

Question 8

paradox of choice in my own life?

Answer 8

deciding classes at duke, so many options, can be overwhelming

Question 9

decision fatigue

Answer 9

deteriorating quality of decisions due to depleting resources

Question 10

decision fatigue example in legal system

Answer 10

judges less likely to grant parole as day goes on

Question 11

system 1 mental shortcuts

Answer 11

heuristic: mental shortcuts to make judgements/ decisions

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

strategy for determining how frequent/ probable something is based on how easily it comes to mind (can think of so and so example so must be true)

Question 13

death penalty study

Answer 13

people on both sides read mixed evidence, people who were opposed to DP were even more opposed (and vice versa) after reading evidence from the other side (attitude polarization) …. when asked to deliberately think about other perspectives and think of the opposite opinion, became less polarized

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

tendency to look for and weight evidence that confirms preexisting beliefs more strongly than evidence that disconfirms those beliefs (system 2)

Question 15

how we talk about abstract things

Answer 15

with metaphors and analogies, human thought process is largely metaphorical ex. time moving still vs. time moving and you moving still