Emotion (10.13 Lecture) Flashcards
what is emotion
biologically-baed response to situations seen as personal relevant, shaped by learning and usually involves a change in subjective experience, expressive behavior, or peripheral psychology (sweat, HR, etc.)
how is emotion shaped by learning?
classical conditioning (ex. fear in a response to smth)
why do people have different responses to the same thing?
bc emotion is a subjective experience
what is the cognitive function of emotion?
shapes what we take in through our senses (ex. scrunching our nose in bad smell, maybe toxins in the air), prioritize what we remember, help us learn and make decisions
how does emotion shape what we take in through our senses?
ex. when scared, eyes wide, inhale deep breath, preparing to evaluate threat and get the most info
how does emotion help us prioritize what we remember?
we remember events that illicit emotion (amygdala next to the hippocampus and interact with each other)
PTSD study for emotion and memory
PTSD is an unhelpful extreme of emotional memory from trauma, scarring. Study tested propranolol, a new treatment for PTSD to break the cycle, in double-blind placebo control study, both groups underwent brief traumatic memory reactivation (in a controlled environment). People who took propranolol brought back memory without emotion and weakened the emotion & PTSD symptoms over time
Cahill emotion study
2 groups, one reads a neutral story, one reads some story with an emotional middle. Within emotional study, the middle was remembered more. (continuation), took propanal and no more memorable middle than neutral
what is propranolol
beta blocker, stops physiological changes from emotion
how do we signal to others who we will behave?
Papua New Guinea study (able to recognize W emotions even though never exposed to them) even if reverse of this, still true
supports Darwin’s universality hypothesis (emotions are universal) bc basic emotions are universally recognized
social referencing
using emotional signals to figure out how we should behave
visual cliff study
baby on glass floor and wanted it to cross. when mom on the other side had a happy expression, baby crossed, when mom had a fearful expression, baby didn’t cross (child looks to adult to see how they react)
inherently interpersonal emotions
inherently about social relationships
is jealously always a bad emotion?
has negatives – threat to valued relationship
and positives – motivator, shows that you care
common-sense view
stimulus –> subjective emotional expression –> bodily/ physiological response –> report
ex. clown –> fear –> greater HR
HR is pounding bc afraid
James-Lange theory
stimulus –> subjective emotional expression –> report –> bodily/physiological response
afraid bc heart pounding
(argued don’t feel emotion without bodily response)
study about smile, people put pencil in their mouths to smile and found cartoons funnier
why is JL theory wrong?
assumes a different bodily response for every emotion but sometimes responses are slow/ fast (blush long after feeling embarrassed)
cannon-bard theory
stimulus –> subjective emotional expression –> report & bodily/physiological response
clown makes me feel afraid and my heart points
why was the cannon-bard theory wrong
not completely representative of humans because there’s some causal relationship
two factor (schacter-singer) theory of emotion
stimulus –> bodily/physiological responses –> cognitive interpretation –> subjective emotional experience –> report
my pounding heart means I’m afraid because I see a clown
how to remember 2-factory theory?
factor rhymes with shacter
bridge study
males on a scary bridge were approached by a male and female researchers and gave them their phone number to see if they’d call back.
results: more likely to call female back
explanation: equate bodily response of adrenaline and fear with attraction
what is a draw back of the bridge study?
pool not super balanced, could just be risk-taking men so more likely to call
so compared to asking people in parking lot vs. on bridge and found same results
emotion regulation
trying to modify some aspects of our emotional response (experience, expression, or physiology)
process model of emotional regulation
situation –> attention –> appraisal –> response
ex. ex and new boo at a party
situation emotional regulation
(control emotions before they happen)
1. situation selection - choose situation based on whether they generate desirable/ undesirable change (ex. change route to avoid them)
2. situation modification - once in a situation, modify it in a way to change its emotional impact (ex. if at party, hang out with best friend)
attention emotional regulation
attentional deployment - can’t change situation, but can change the attentional focus to change the emotional impact (ex. focus on bad music not the ex)
appraisal emotional regulation
cognitive change - already attending emotion-causing situation but can change how you think about the situation (ex. they’re talking to you, you think “he doesn’t look that good today”)
response emotional regulation
(dealing with emotions in the moment)
response modulation - directly impact behavior and bodily response (ex. smile through it)
cognitive reappraisal
form of cognitive change that involves changing the meaning of a situation (changing the view of a stimulus can change the physiological response)
(Glee karaoke study) said “I’m anxious,” performed worse than saying “I’m excited”
