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Psych 101 > Motivation (Ch. 9) > Flashcards

Motivation (Ch. 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

motives

A

forces that move us to act and not act in certain ways

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2
Q

what causes motives?

A

a desire to maintain homeostasis (altering behavior to maintain desired range of internal body environment), internal equilibrium

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3
Q

drive

A

internal tension from deviation in homeostasis.

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4
Q

what is drive’s relationship to motivation

A

it is the drive-reduction account of motivation

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5
Q

is homeostasis only for changes in real-time?

A

no, we can even anticipate changes in homeostasis that impact our actions as we prepare for them (ex. packing gloves for a ski trip even if hot outside).

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6
Q

pain matrix

A

distributed set of brain regions (including the amygdala) underlying sensory and emotional components of pain (associated response usually withdrawal)

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7
Q

pain’s motivators (avoidance)

A

avoidance of pain (specific info –> specific response).

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8
Q

pain’s motivators (seek)

A

necessary to endure pain to reach goals, pain proof trying (pain in running). NSSI (non-suicidal self-injury)

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9
Q

pain’s motivators (just byproduct)

A

unfortunate byproduct of achieving goals (studying –> headache)

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10
Q

escape from self, hypothesis

A

physical pain focuses someone’s attention on the injury and decreases awareness of their broader life, concerns outside the pain

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11
Q

incentives

A

goals seek to achieve

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12
Q

types of incentives

A

intrinsically rewarding: incentive part of the activity itself (ex. playing basketball). extrinsically rewarding: drawn not to activity itself (ex. getting paid for mowing)

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13
Q

why are incentives different than pain?

A

separate considerations for anticipating and receiving pleasure (used fMRI to confirm that different parts of the brain are associated with wanting and getting a reward)

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14
Q

glucostatic hypothesis

A

hunger and eating are regulated by body’s maintenance of blood glucose levels

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15
Q

dual-center theory

A

2 centers of hypothalmus regulate feelings of hunger and fullness (lateral hypothalamus – go) (ventromedial hypothalamus – stop)

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16
Q

how does the body regulate what we eat

A

stomach signals the impact of whether and what we eat (ex. need to increase protein, rat chooses protein over carbs)

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17
Q

lipostatic hypothesis

A

long-term energy balance. when fat stores deviate from target levels, the body acts to maintain homeostasis.

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18
Q

how does the body signal to the brain its full?

A

full fat cells secrete the hormone leptin in the bloodstream which is sensed by the hypothalmus.

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19
Q

body weight set point

A

caloric point in animals which the body maintains a certain weight, even with a change in dietary intake

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20
Q

metabolic rate

A

rate body uses energy

21
Q

environmental factors that impact eating

A

smell/ sight of “yummy” food, unit bias-size of what counts as a single portion (ex. larger in the US that other countries), social contexts, cultural standards (beauty standards)

22
Q

what are some ways cultural contexts can impact the amount someone eats

A

when eat in a group, usually eat more than eating alone. usually women eat less when eating with men than with other women

23
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder associated with an intense fear of gaining weight. Usually have a disturbance of how they view their own body and think their fat, even though they’re dangerously thin.

24
Q

how do people act when have anorexia nervosa

A

extreme dieting, excessive exercise, purging of food

25
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

same as anorexia nervosa (intense fear of gaining weight) but usually have normal weight but view themselves as fat

26
Q

how do people act when have bulimia nervosa

A

binge eating and compensatory behavior because of guilt so they don’t gain weight (vomiting, excessive exercise. etc.)

27
Q

why do people have nervosa eating disorders?

A

some genetic component

28
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

person’s weight in kg/ height squared in m (to determine if someone is overweight)

29
Q

what is the impact of obesity on health?

A

classified as global epidemic, leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disease

30
Q

thrifty gene hypothesis

A

evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection favors individuals with efficient metabolism that maximize fat storage

31
Q

why do we have genes that maximize food storage?

A

helpful in the past because it meant that people were able to get food and make it last, but not helpful today, h/e evolution is much slower than real progress today

32
Q

estrus

A

mammal’s period of sexual receptivity, frequency depends on species

33
Q

do women have an estrus period?

A

only slightly, there is some evidence a women’s sexual desire is increased during ovulation, however its not very impactful, likely remaining part of long-ago action with evolutionary changes (humans less automatic in sexual desires)

34
Q

what is the hormonal impact on sexual desires?

A

men with higher testosterone levels than women usually have a greater sexual drive

35
Q

what are the phases of the sexual response cycle?

A
  1. excitement phase (HR, BP, muscle tension increase, erect penis, swollen clitoris, lubricant vagina). 2. plateau phase (slower rate of increase BP/ HR, muscle tightens and base of penis & vagina). 3. orgasm phase (greater arousal, rhythmic muscle contractions, ejaculation and vaginal contractions). 4. resolution phase (HR, BP drop, muscles settle).
36
Q

what is the refractory phase for men?

A

phase after orgasm (length depends on time) when men can’t orgasm

37
Q

what are the short-term implications of viewing sexually explicit material?

A

increases the likelihood of engaging in sexual behavior?

38
Q

what are the long-term implications of viewing sexually explicit material?

A

no real consensus, some say decreases sexual satisfaction or uncertainty, but also contradictory evidence

39
Q

when are people’s sexual orientations first presented?

A

as a child, evident from sexual conformity when young, sexual attraction, etc.

40
Q

is there a genetic impact on sexual orientation?

A

yes, (ex. if identical twin gay, more likely to be gay) however, not entire story

41
Q

neurodevelopmental perspective

A

sexual orientation is built in the circuitry of our brains from a fetal age

42
Q

what are indicators of sexual orientation (along the neurodevelopmental perspective)?

A

handedness (left-handed/ ambidextrous, increases likelihood of being gay), fraternal birth order effect (more older brothers a man has, more likely he is to be gay)

43
Q

explanation of the fraternal birth order effect?

A

maybe because each male a mother carries has an effect on the immune system of child and thus the brain development

44
Q

why are we motivated to act in ways that increase our sense of belonging?

A

loneliness –> depression and greater physical health problems

45
Q

what positive impact do we gain from being with others

A

a cycle of positive emotion leading to greater social interaction (and vice-versa)

46
Q

performance orientation

A

focuses on performing well and looking smart (fear of failure). associated with a fixed mindset

47
Q

mastery orientation

A

focuses on learning and improving (desire for success). associated with a growth mindset

48
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of motives

A

order of dominance of thoughts, we strive to meet higher order motives even if the lower one’s aren’t met. (although obviously some exceptions, ex. not becoming life-long dream of being artist bc not making enough money to feed yourself)

49
Q

what are the parts of the hierarchy of motives?

A
  1. self-transcendence (cause beyond self, truth, justice, religion)
  2. self-actualization (living to full potential, aspirations, and dreams)
  3. esteem (good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation)
  4. belonging (acceptance, friendship)
  5. safety (security, protection, freedom from threats)
  6. physiological (hunger, thirst, warmth, shelter, air, sleep)

Psych 101 (27 decks)

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