Things I Don't Know

Question 1

what elicits the sensation of a bitter taste?

Answer 1

alkaloids

Question 2

What begins the discriminative aspects of taste?

Answer 2

the VPM of thalamus

Question 3

what brain region integrates the emotional response to an odor?

Answer 3

periamygdaloid cortex

Question 4

remember going camping when smelling a fire?

Answer 4

entorhinal cortex–> hippocampus

Question 5

feeling happy upon smelling cooking baking in the over?

Answer 5

periamygdaloid cortex

Question 6

appreciating the look, smell, flavor, and texture of food?

Answer 6

the medial orbitofrontal cortex

Question 7

feeling hungry after smelling good food

Answer 7

piriform cortex to lateral hypothalamus

Question 8

salivating in response to a delicious taste?

Answer 8

nucleus tractus solitarius

Question 9

identifying the taste of cinnamon in a dessert?

Answer 9

gustatory cortex

Question 10

appreciating the look and smell of food

Answer 10

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 11

eating a cooking conjures fond memories of childhood

Answer 11

amygdala

Question 12

seeing a plate of food and realizing you are hungry

Answer 12

hypothalamus

Question 13

calming down after eating your food

Answer 13

limbic system

Question 14

what is the core of the theory of mind?

Answer 14

amygdala, mediotemporal lobes, and the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 15

what parts of the brain function in the expected reward system?

Answer 15

the basal ganagli, insular cortex, intraparietal area, and the amygdala

Question 16

if the auditory cortex, the right posterior superior temporal sulcus and frontal cortex is activated, what is happening?

Answer 16

hearing and understanding prosody

Question 17

what are we doing when the superior temporal sulcus and the fusiform gyrus is activated?

Answer 17

recognizing faces

Question 18

how do you get to an emotional comprehension?

Answer 18

the anterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala

Question 19

what is happening if the dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus is activated?

Answer 19

you are shivering

Question 20

what nucleus relays information from the hypothalamus to the autonomic nucleus?

Answer 20

the paraventricular nucleus

Question 21

what parts of the brain are required to make you avoid something?

Answer 21

entorhinal cortex, lateral posterior hypothalamus, and the dorsal midbrain

Question 22

if most of the receptors in the area are increasing their discharge rate as the temperature goes up, where are these thermoreceptors located?

Answer 22

pre-optic and super optic parts of the hypothalamus

Question 23

which part of the brain links a positive outcome to a decision made, integrates signals to arrive at a gut feeling, and helps us delay gratification when it comes to expressing our emotions?

Answer 23

the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 24

what does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 24

monitors performance

Question 25

what part of the brain monitors our current emotional state and detects events that might change our emotional state?

Answer 25

the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 26

What neurons in the hippocampus provide the spatial map that is believed to allow us to scaffold a recalled memory

Answer 26

place cells

Question 27

what part of the brain is responsible for mediating shivering?

Answer 27

dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus

Question 28

what does calcium binding to calmodulin produce?

Answer 28

increase in cAMP–> phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor

Question 29

what happens when calcium binds to calcineurin?

Answer 29

activation of NOS

Question 30

what does consolidating a memory from short to long term require?

Answer 30

hippocampus, temporal lobes, papez circuit

Question 31

the sensory inputs used to create fear arrive at what part of the amygdala?

Answer 31

the lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 32

how do you inhibit anger?

Answer 32

neocrotex, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 33

what causes olfactory fear conditioning?

Answer 33

the anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus

Question 34

what do ABC transporters work to do?

Answer 34

to clear the all-trans retinal from photoreceptors

Question 35

mutations in ABC4 are known to cause what?

Answer 35

macular degeneration

Question 36

what is grave’s disease?

Answer 36

primary hyperthyroidism

Question 37

what is associative visual agnosia?

Answer 37

patient cannot name or describe an object in the visual field but he can recognize and demonstrate its use

Question 38

what causes associative visual agnosia?

Answer 38

PCA damage- infarction of the left occipital lobe and posterior corpus callosum

Question 39

what constantly activates the NA?

Answer 39

hippocampus, amygdala, PFC

Question 40

how does the ventral tegmental area get activated?

Answer 40

EAA from the PFC, Acethylcholine from the dorsal tegmental area, or orexin from the hypothalamus

Question 41

in addition to releasing GABA, what do the NA neurons also release onto the VTA?

Answer 41

dynorphin

Question 42

where does dynorphin bind on the VTA?

Answer 42

on the kappa-opiod receptor

Question 43

where are endogenous opioids released onto and what receptor do they bind to?

Answer 43

the VTA, NA, and the PFC; bind to a mu-opioid receptor

Question 44

how do endogenous opioids increase DA in the VTA?

Answer 44

by inhibition of GABAergic neurons

Question 45

what does the locus ceruleus mediate?

Answer 45

physical dependency

Question 46

what can be two targets of CREB?

Answer 46

the locus ceruleus and dynorphin