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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

declarative and procedural memory

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2
Q

what are the anatomical substrates involved in procedural memory?

A

the cerebellum and the nucleus accumbens

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3
Q

where are habits stored?

A

in the nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

what are the two subdivisions of declarative memory?

A

episodic and semantic

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5
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

memory of events

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6
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

memory of words, language, and rules

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7
Q

how long is short term memory?

A

seconds to hours

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8
Q

how long is long term memory?

A

years

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9
Q

what is working memory?

A

recalling a fact for use in a test question; you’ve learned it, now youre retrieving it for use

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10
Q

the production of memory and learning requires the induction of what?

A

neuronal and synaptic plasticity

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11
Q

what are two forms of changes in synaptic functioning?

A

post-tetanic potentiation and long-term potentiation

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12
Q

what is plasticity?

A

alterations in the CNS based on use

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13
Q

what does post-tetanic stimulation result from?

A

there is a brief high frequency discharge of a presynaptic that produces an increase in NT release that lasts about 60 seconds

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of post-tetanic stimulation?

A

the high level of stimulation allowed more calcium to enter the terminal than can be “dealt” with–> the [Ca2+] concentration in the pre-synaptic terminal stays higher longer

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15
Q

what happens when there is more Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminal?

A

there is more Ca to bind to the docking proteins, which means that there will be more NT release

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16
Q

what is the result of post tetanic stimulation?

A

greater NT release and a greater probability of action potentials in the post-synaptic cell

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17
Q

what is long-term potentiation?

A

a series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse

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18
Q

How long do long-term potentiation changes last?

A

more than 30 minutes

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19
Q

what does long term potentiation begin with?

A

more calcium in the post-synaptic terminal

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20
Q

what happens once calcium is inside the cell?

A

it binds with calmodulin

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21
Q

what happens once calcium binds with calmodulin?

A

there will be an increase in adenyl cyclase/ cAMP

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22
Q

what happens when there is an increase in cAMP?

A

the AMPA receptor will be phosphorylated

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23
Q

what happens when the AMPA receptor is phosphorylated?

A

we allow greater sodium influx to response to the same binding of the EAA–> we get more depolarization

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24
Q

what is activated when calcium enters the cell?

A

nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

25
Q

what does NOS produce?

A

NO

26
Q

what is the effect of the NO production in the post synpatic cell?

A

the NO will diffuse across the synapse, back into the presynaptic cell and increase cGMP

27
Q

what is the effect of the increased cGMP in the presynaptic cell?

A

this leads to an increase in the amount of NT released

28
Q

what does increased cAMP cause a gene transcription of?

A

increase of CREB

29
Q

what leads to the changes in the structures of the neurons?

A

CREB

30
Q

where does neuronal plasticity take place?

A

in both the pre and post synaptic cells

31
Q

what are the proteins produced during neuronal plasticity?

A

NT synthetic enzymes (I can make more NT), NT receptors, proteins required for growth/synapse formation

32
Q

forming new memories and learning can be blocked by what?

A

blocking protein synthesis

33
Q

creating a declarative/explicit memory requires what 4 steps?

A

encoding, storage, consolidation, and retrieval

34
Q

what is associated with encoding of information?

A

focus, attention, and emotion

35
Q

What are the anatomical substrates involved in short term memory?

A

hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and prefrontal cortex

36
Q

what connects the neocortex to the amygdala?

A

the nucleus basalis of Meynert

37
Q

what physiologically creates our short term memories?

A

long-term potentiation

38
Q

what is consolidation?

A

it is the process of making a memory permanent

39
Q

what does consolidation involve?

A

physical changes in synaptic structure

40
Q

what anatomical structures does consolidating a memory from short-term to long-term require?

A

hippocampus, temporal lobes, and the papez circuit

41
Q

where do we store factual information?

A

temporal lobes

42
Q

to make a synapse permanent, what must i do and how do i do this?

A

i have to reuse that synapse over and over again. I do this through the Papez circuit

43
Q

What is involved in the papez circuit?

A

the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamus, the cingulate cortex, and the hippocampus

44
Q

Where are long-term memories stored?

A

in the area of the cortex related to the modality of the individual components

45
Q

what does recalling a memory or reassembling a memory require? anatomically

A

the neocortex, the parahippocampal regions, and the hippocampus

46
Q

where is the information related to each component of the memory i’m trying to recall sent to first?

A

to the parahippocampal region first

47
Q

where is the entire memory reconstructed?

A

in the hippocampus

48
Q

where is the memory sent once the hippocampus reconstructs it?

A

back out to the parahippocampus and then to the pre frontal cortex

49
Q

what happens if a patient has damage to the parahippocampus?

A

the memory can still be retrieved, but it will “die out” much sooner than expected

50
Q

what is involved in working memory/ using retrieved memories?

A

the three component model

51
Q

what makes up the three component model?

A

the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial loop

52
Q

what acts as the central executive in the brain?

A

the prefrontal cortex

53
Q

what acts as the phonological loop?

A

broca’s and wernicke’s area

54
Q

what acts as the visuospatial loop?

A

the occipital cortex associated with vision

55
Q

What does the hippocampus use as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory?

A

place cells

56
Q

what type of cells are place cells and where are they located?

A

pyramidal cells located in CA1

57
Q

what inputs do place cells receive?

A

grid cells, head direction cells, and border neurons

58
Q

where are grid cells located?

A

in the entorhinal cortex

59
Q

what is the final mediator of spatial memory?

A

place cells

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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