thigh

Question 1

what angle does the femur head have to body

Answer 1

The head projects supero-medially and is connected to the body (shaft) via a neck at an angle of between 115o to 140o. The angle is usually more acute in females with wider hips.

Question 2

features of the head of the femur

Answer 2

articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint. Has a small depression – the fovea – where ligamentum teres attaches).

Question 3

features of the Greater trochanter

Answer 3

• the most lateral palpable projection of bone that originates from the anterior aspect, justlateral to the neck.
o It is the site of attachment for manyof the muscles in the gluteal region, such as gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis. The vastus lateralis originates from this site.
o An avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter can occur because of forceful contraction of the gluteus medius.

Question 4

Lesser trochanter

Answer 4

• smaller than the greater trochanter.It projects from the posteromedial side of the femur, just inferior to the neck-shaft junction.
o It is the site of attachment for iliopsoas (forceful contraction of which can cause an avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter).

Question 5

what is the Intertrochanteric line

Answer 5

• ridge of bone that runs in an inferomedial direction on the anterior surface of the femur, spanning between the two trochanters. After it passes the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface, it is known as the pectineal line.
o It is the site of attachment for the iliofemoral ligament (the strongest ligament of the hip joint).
o It also serves as the anterior attachment of the hip joint capsule.

Question 6

what is the Intertrochanteric crest

Answer 6

a ridge of bone that connects the two trochanters. It is located on the posterior surface of the femur. There is a rounded tubercle on its superior half called the quadrate tubercle; where quadratus femoris attaches.

Question 7

what are the Medial and lateral condyles

Answer 7

• – rounded areas at the end of the femur. The posterior and inferior surfaces articulate with the tibia and menisci of the knee, while the anterior surface articulates with the patella. The more prominent lateral condyle helps prevent the natural lateral movement of the patella; a flatter condyle is more likely to result in patellar dislocation.

Question 8

what are the Medial and lateral epicondyles

Answer 8

• bony elevations on the non-articular areas of the condyles. The medial epicondyle is the larger.
o The medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the knee originate from their respective epicondyles.

Question 9

what is the Intercondylar fossa

Answer 9

• a deep notch on the posterior surface of the femur, between the two condyles. It contains two facets for attachment of intracapsular knee ligaments; the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches to the medial aspect of the lateral condyle and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) to the lateral aspect of the medial condyle.

Question 10

describe the acetabulum

Answer 10

• The cup is deepened by a fibro-cartilaginous labrum so that the acetabulum “grasps” more than half of the head of the femur
• A lax ligament attaches the head of the femur to the acetabulum
• The acetabulum is lined by articular cartilage but this is thin or deficient inferiorly where there is an acetabular notch.

Question 11

what innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 11

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Question 12

what action does the anterior compartment of the thigh generally do

Answer 12

toextendthe leg at theknee joint

Question 13

muscles of the

anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 13

thepectineus,sartoriusandquadriceps femoris. In addition to these, the end of theiliopsoasmuscle passes into the anterior compartment.

Question 14

what is special about the Iliopsoas

Answer 14

Iliopsoas: is actually two muscles, thepsoas majorand theiliacus

Question 15

attatchments of the illiopsoas

Answer 15

• The psoas major originates from the lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa of the pelvis. They insert together onto the lesser trochanter of the femur.

Question 16

actions of the illiopsoas

Answer 16

: Flexesthe thigh at the hip joint.

Question 17

quadriceps femorisconsists of :

Answer 17

quadriceps femorisconsists of four individual muscles; three vastus muscles and the rectus femoris.

Question 18

Proximal attachment of the vastes lateralis

Answer 18

• Proximal attachment:Originates from the greater trochanter and the lateral lip of linea aspera.

Question 19

action of vastes lateralis

Answer 19

• Extends the knee joint and stabilises the patella.

Question 20

innervation of the vastes lateralis

Answer 20

Femoral nerve.

Question 21

Proximal attachment of the vastus intermedius

Answer 21

Anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft

Question 22

Actions of the vastus intermedius

Answer 22

• Extends the knee joint and stabilises the patella.

Question 23

innervation of the vastus intermedius

Answer 23

Femoral nerve.

Question 24

Proximal attachment of the Vastus Medialis

Answer 24

:The intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera.

Question 25

actions of the Vastus Medialis

Answer 25

• The only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and knee joints. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint.

Question 26

innervation of the Vastus Medialis

Answer 26

: Femoral nerve

Question 27

describe the sartorius muscle

Answer 27

is the longest muscle in the body. It is long and thin, running across the thigh in a inferomedial direction. The sartorius is positioned more superficially than the other muscles in the leg.

Question 28

attachments of the sartorius muscle

Answer 28

: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine, and attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia

Question 29

actions of the sartorius muscle

Answer 29

• At the hip joint, it is a flexor, abductor and lateral rotator. At the knee joint, it is also a flexor.

Question 30

innervation of the sartorius muscle

Answer 30

• Femoral nerve.

Question 31

describe the pectineus muscle

Answer 31

: muscle is a flat muscle that forms the base of the femoral triangle. It has a dual innervation, and thus c

Question 32

attachments of the pectineus muscle

Answer 32

• : It originates from the pectineal line on the anterior surface of the pelvis, and attaches to the pectineal line on the posterior side of the femur, just inferior to the lesser trochanter.

Question 33

actions of the pectineus muscle

Answer 33

• Adduction and flexion at the hip joint.

Question 34

innervation of the pectineus muscle

Answer 34

• Femoral nerve. May also receive a branch from the obturator nerve

Question 35

what are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh are collectively known as

Answer 35

the hamstrings

Question 36

what do the hamstrings consist of

Answer 36

consist of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus, whichform prominent tendons medially and laterally at the back of the knee.

Question 37

what do the hamstrings do and what innervates them

Answer 37

act to extend at the hip, and flex at the knee. They are innervated by thesciatic nerve(L4-S3).

Question 38

attachments of the biceps femoris

Answer 38

: The long head originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. The short head originates from thelinea asperaon posterior surface of the femur. Together, the heads form a tendon, which inserts into the head of the fibula

Question 39

Attachments of the biceps femoris

Answer 39

Attachments: It originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, and attaches to the medial surface of the tibia

Question 40

attachments of the Semimembranosus

Answer 40

It originates from the ischial tuberosity, but does so moresuperiorlythan the semitendinosus and biceps femoris. It attaches to the medial tibial condyle.

Question 41

what is the femoral artery a continuation of

Answer 41

the common iliac artery.

It passes deep to the ilio-inguinal ligament to enter the femoral triangle.

Question 42

in the femoral triangle what does the artery give off

Answer 42

gives off a large deep branch, the deep femoral or profunda femoris artery

Question 43

where does the deep femoral artery arise from and run too

Answer 43

• It arises just below the inguinal ligament and runs deep into the thigh, medial to the femur and sends perforating arteries to the hamstring muscles and adductor magnus.

Question 44

what he head of the femur receives a direct supply though?

Answer 44

its ligament from the obturator artery

Question 45

where does The major blood supply comes from for the femur

Answer 45

The major supply comes from the reticular branches of the circumflex arteries

Question 46

describe femur neck fractures

Answer 46

• The offset arrangement of the head of the femur means that neck takes all of the weight of the upper body.
• As a consequence, fractures of the neck of the femur are common, particularly in patients suffering from osteoporosis (reduced bone density).
• Healing is often slow because the periosteum surrounding the bone is thin.
• Fractures often disturb the blood supply to the head and necrosis of the severed portion may occur.