heart and great vessels

Question 1

describe the anatomical position of the heart and its relations

Answer 1

separated from the other mediastinal structures by a tough membrane known as the pericardium and sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity.

base -the third costal cartilage
R atria - 3rd right rib
pulmonary valve- 2nd left rib
tricuspid valve - 5th right rib
apex of the heart - 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

Question 2

route of blood from heart to lungs?

Answer 2

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which leads toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries

comes back to lungs via the pulmonary veins into L atria

Question 3

name (in order of appearnace ) the great vessels that come off the aorta

Answer 3

right coronary artery, brachiocephalic,left common carotid, left subclavian, left coronary artery

Question 4

describe the right atria

Answer 4

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae, and from the coronary veins. It pumps this blood through the right atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle.

Question 5

what is the interatrial septum

Answer 5

The interatrial septum is a solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria.

Question 6

what is the fossa ovalis and what is it a remenant of

Answer 6

The septal wall in the right atrium is marked by a small oval-shaped depression called the fossa ovalis. This is the remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetal heart, which allows right to left shunting of blood to bypass the lungs. It closes once the newborn takes its first breath.

Question 7

describe the left atria

Answer 7

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins, and pumps it through the left atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the mitral valve) into the left ventricle.

Question 8

describe the right ventricle

Answer 8

The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, and pumps it through the pulmonary orifice (guarded by the pulmonary valve), into the pulmonary artery. Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae

Question 9

what is the interventricular septum

Answer 9

The interventricular septum separates the two ventricles, and is composed of a superior membranous part and an inferior muscular part.

Question 10

describe the left ventricle

Answer 10

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, and pumps it through the aortic orifice (guarded by the aortic valve) into the aorta.

Question 11

what are the trabeculae carneae and where is it found

Answer 11

muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.

Question 12

what are the pectinate muscles and where are they found

Answer 12

parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart

Question 13

what are the chordae tendinae

Answer 13

connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve

Question 14

what is the pulmonary valve and where is it located

Answer 14

from right ventricle to pulmonary artery valve with 3 semilunar cusps - made up of the posterior, anterior and septum

Question 15

where is the mitral valve and what is it made up of

Answer 15

between L atria and L ventricle made up of 2 semilunar cusps. also know as bicuspid valve

Question 16

what is the ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 16

between left pulmonary artery and left arch of aorta - is a small ligament that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus formed within three weeks after birth which shunts the blood from the pulmonary trunk to aorta in foetus

Question 17

describe the coronary arteries of the heart

Answer 17

right coronary (around the back) - gives off the marginal and posterior descending arteries, supplies the SA node 
left coronary artery (around the front) - left anterior descending and circumflex which then gives off the left marginal artery

Question 18

describe dominance with regards to the coronary arteries

Answer 18

right dominant - R.C.A supplies the posterior descending artery
left dominant - circumflex supplies posterior descending artery
Codominance - both supply the posterior descending artery

Question 19

what is the coronary sinus

Answer 19

drains blood from the heart muscle into right atrium

Question 20

describe the route of conduction in the heart

Answer 20

SA node to AV node to bundle of his, purkynje fibres

the papillary muscle contract first followed by contraction of both ventricles from apex to base