liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas

Question 1

where is the liver positioned

Answer 1

peritoneal organ,predominantly located in the right hypochondrium and epigastric areas, and extends into the left hypochondrium

Question 2

functions of the liver

Answer 2

synthesis of bile, glycogen storage and clotting factor production.

Question 3

organs in contact with the liver

Answer 3

It lies in contact with the right kidney, right adrenal gland, right colic flexure, transverse colon, first part of the duodenum, gallbladder, oesophagus and the stomach

Question 4

name and describe the location of the 4 ligaments of the liver

Answer 4

Falciform ligament – attaches the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Coronary ligament – attaches the superior surface of the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm and d

Triangular ligaments (left and right):
The left triangular ligament is formed by the union of the anterior and posterior layers of the coronary ligament at the apex of the liver and attaches the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm.

The right triangular ligament is formed in a similar fashion adjacent to the bare area and attaches the right lobe of the liver to the diaphragm.

Lesser omentum – Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of the duodenum.

Question 5

name the 2 lobes and 2 accessory lobes of the liver

Answer 5

It is divided into a right lobe and left lobe by the attachment of the falciform ligament.

Caudate lobe – located on the upper aspect of the visceral surface. It lies between the inferior vena cava and a fossa produced by the ligamentum venosum (a remnant of the fetal ductus venosus).

Quadrate lobe – located on the lower aspect of the visceral surface. It lies between the gallbladder

Question 6

artery and venous supply to the liver

Answer 6

Hepatic artery proper (25%) – supplies the non-parenchymal structures of the liver with arterial blood. It is derived from the coeliac trunk.

Hepatic portal vein (75%) – supplies the liver with partially deoxygenated blood, carrying nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

Question 7

location of the gall bladder

Answer 7

intraperitoneal, pear-shaped sac lies within a fossa formed between the inferior aspects of the right and quadrate lobes of the liver.

Question 8

gall bladder function

Answer 8

function of the gallbladder is to concentrate and store bile which is produced by the liver.

Question 9

how does bile travel to the pancreas for release

Answer 9

Bile is secreted from hepatocytes and drains from both lobes of the liver into left and right hepatic ducts.

These ducts amalgamate to form the common hepatic duct, which runs alongside the hepatic vein.

common hepatic is joined by the cystic duct – which allows bile to flow in and out of the gallbladder for storage and release.

the common hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form the common bile duct.

Question 10

what is the bare area

Answer 10

on liver - large part of the posterior diaphragmatic surface that is not covered by peritoneum

Question 11

the anatomical relation of the pancreas and its relation to other structures

Answer 11

retroperitoneal organ, posterior abdominal wall behind the stomach. Head lies anterior to the abdominal aorta and IVC. Body is left of the midline. Tail reaches the hilum of the spleen

The “C” shaped duodenum curves around and outlines the head of the pancreas.

Question 12

name the 5 anatomical sections of the pancreas

Answer 12

Head – It lies within the C-shaped curve created by the duodenum, and is connected to it by connective tissue.

Uncinate process – a projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas.

Neck – located between the head and the body of the pancreas.

Body – centrally located, crossing the midline of the human body

Tail – the left end of the pancreas that lies within close proximity to the hilum of the spleen. This is the only part of the pancreas that is intraperitoneal.

Question 13

functions of the pancreas

Answer 13

exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar

Question 14

pancreas relationship with the bile ducts

Answer 14

The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater which is located at the first portion of the small intestine, called the duodenum.

The pancreatic juices and bile that are released into the duodenum, help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Question 15

location of the spleen and its relations

Answer 15

upper left abdomen, intraperitoneal organ, surrounded by peritoneum. connected to the stomach and kidney by parts of the greater omentum

Question 16

role of the spleen

Answer 16

blood filter- remove old blood cells

cell mediated and immune responses

Question 17

blood supply to the spleen

Answer 17

receives most of its arterial supply from the splenic artery. This vessel arises from the coeliac trunk

Question 18

regions of the stomach and there relations

Answer 18

Cardia – surrounds the superior opening of the stomach at the T11 level.
Fundus – the rounded, often gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia.
Body – the large central portion inferior to the fundus.
Pylorus – This area connects the stomach to the duodenum. It is divided into the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter demarcates the transpyloric plane at the level of L1.

Question 19

pancreas blood supply

Answer 19

pancreatic branches of the splenic artery
Venous drainage of the head of the pancreas is into the superior mesenteric branches of the hepatic portal vein. The pancreatic veins draining the rest of the pancreas do so via the splenic vein.

Question 20

stomach blood supply

Answer 20

Anastomoses form along the lesser curvature by the right and left gastric arteries and along the greater curvature by the right and left gastro-omental arteries:

Right gastric – branch of the common hepatic artery, which arises from the coeliac trunk.
Left gastric – arises directly from the coeliac trunk.
Right gastro-omental – terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which arises from the common hepatic artery.
Left gastro-omental – branch of the splenic artery, which arises from the coeliac trunk.