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Physiology & Pharmacology > Thick Ascending Limb > Flashcards

Thick Ascending Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions of the loop of Henlé?

A
  • Thin descending limb
  • Thin ascending limb
  • Thick ascending limb
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2
Q

What occurs at the thin descending limb?

A

H2O leaves

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3
Q

What occurs in the thin ascending limb?

A

Na+ and Cl- leaves

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4
Q

What occurs in the thick ascending limb?

A

Na+ and Cl- leaves

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5
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henlé?

A

Control [urine]

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6
Q

What are apical membrane channels/transporters in the thick ascending limb?

A

NKCC2 and ROMK (KIR1.1)

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7
Q

What are basolateral membrane channels/transporters in the thick ascending limb?

A

CLCK

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8
Q

Which protein needs to be present for CLCK to be functional?

A

Barttin

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9
Q

What is Barttin?

A

The protein needed to be present for CLCK to work

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10
Q

What is CLCK?

A

Chloride ion channel for taking out Cl- on basolateral side

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11
Q

What is Bartter’s syndrome?

A

A recessive inheritance mutation which affect NKCC2. ROMK, CLCK and Barttin

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Bartter’s syndrome?

A
  • Salt washing
  • Polyuria
  • Hypotension
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Hypercalciuria
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Nerphrocalcinosis
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13
Q

What does the ROMK knockout mouse show?

A

Unable to recycle K+ across apical membrane

Acidosis in mutant mice

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14
Q

What is different between ROMK knockout mice and Bartter’s patients?

A

Mice show acidosis whereas humans display alkalosis

And plasma [K+] increases in mice but decreases in humans

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15
Q

Examples of loop diuretics

A

Furosemide and bumetanide

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16
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

Inhibit sodium reabsorption which inhibits H2O reabsorption so increase urine flow rate

17
Q

What does the early distal tubule reabsorb?

A

Na+, Mg2+ and Cl-

18
Q

What kind of diuretics are early distal tubule cells sensitive to?

A

Thiazide

19
Q

Membrane channels on the apical side of the early distal tubule

A
  • NCC

- Magnesion ion channel

20
Q

What does NCC do?

A

Transport Na+ and Cl- into the cell on the apical side of the early distal tubule

21
Q

Membrane channels on the basolateral side of the early distal tubule

A
  • Potassium channel

- CLCK with Barttin

22
Q

What is Gitelman’s syndrome? Symptoms

A

Recessive genetic disorder with similar symptoms to Bartter’s except HYPERcalciuria

23
Q

Give an example of a thiazide diuretic

A

Chlorothiazide

24
Q

What are the side effects of using thiazide diuretics?

A

Gitelman’s-like symptoms

25
Q

What are the side effects of using loop diuretics?

A

Bartter’s-like symptoms

26
Q

Heterozygotic mutations in what protects against hypternsion?

A

ROMK, NCC or NKCC2

27
Q

What does NKCC2 transport?

A

K+, Na+ and 2Cl^- into the cell on the apical side

Physiology & Pharmacology (25 decks)

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