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Physiology & Pharmacology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

A set of control mechanisms the body has. It is “self-governing”

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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3
Q

Give an example of an organ that has dual innervation and exhibits antagonistic control

A

The Heart

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4
Q

Give an example of when the sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together

A

Sexual function
parasympathetic - erection
sympathetic - ejaculation

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5
Q

Sweat glands and blood vessel smooth muscle are almost only innervated by __________ stimulation

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: pupillary dilation?

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: bronchodilation?

A

Sympathetic

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8
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: vasoconstriction in skin and viscera?

A

Sympathetic

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9
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: vasodilation in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Sympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: glycogenolysis is stimulated?

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: pupillary constriction?

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: promotes secretion?

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation: defecation and urination?

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

What are the most common types of receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

Are adrenergic receptors inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Can have either effect depending on type of receptor and signalling pathway

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of agonists of the adrenergic system

A
  • Adrenaline

- Salbutamol

17
Q

Which receptors are activated by adrenaline?

A

α and ß receptors

18
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline binding to α and ß receptors?

A
  • BP increases

- Dilates bronchi

19
Q

What is adrenaline used for clinically?

A

Anaphylactic shock - epipen

20
Q

What else could be used in place of adrenaline?

A

Cocaine and amphetamines

21
Q

Which receptors does salbutamol bind to?

A

ß2

22
Q

What is the clinical application of salbutamol?

A

Treat asthma as predominantly targets bronchiole smooth muscle

23
Q

What is used as a ß1 antagonist in the adrenergic system?

A

ß1 - selective antagonists (ß-blockers)

24
Q

What is the clinical application of ß2 antagonists in the adrenergic system?

A

No clinical use

25
Q

What kind of receptors does acetylcholine bind to

A

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors

26
Q

Give 2 examples of cholinergic agonists other than acetylcholine

A
  • Muscarine
  • Pilocarpine
    Both bind to muscarinic receptors
27
Q

What are the effects of muscarine?

A
  • Decrease BP
  • Increase saliva/tear flow/sweating
  • Abdominal pain
  • –> death from cardiac and respiratory failure
28
Q

What is pilocarpine used for?

A

Eye drops, to treat glaucoma

29
Q

Give 2 examples of cholinergic antagonists and which receptors they bind to

A
  • Atropine: muscarinic

- Curare: nicotinic

30
Q

What are the effects of atropine?

A
  • Inhibition of secretion
  • Smooth muscle relaxant
  • Pupillary dilation
  • Increase body temp.
31
Q

Give examples of non-adrenergic, non- cholinergic “NANC” neurotransmitters

A
  • Substance P
  • Nitric oxide
  • ATP
  • VIP
32
Q

What is nitric oxide produced by and where?

A

Produced by nitric oxide synthase in both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones

33
Q

What does nitric oxide activate?

A

cGMP

34
Q

What does sildenafil do? What is it used for?

A

Pontentiates nitric oxide action. Used for erectile dysfunction

35
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline binding to α1 receptors?

A

Stimulates phospholipase C

36
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline binding to α2 receptors?

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase

37
Q

What kind of adrenergic receptors are found on adipocytes?

A

ß3

38
Q

Where can ß3 adrenergic receptors be found?

A

On adipocytes

39
Q

How come pilocarpine decreases heart rate?

A

Partial ACh agonist

Physiology & Pharmacology (25 decks)

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