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Physiology & Pharmacology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two zones of the lungs and respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone and respiratory zone

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2
Q

What generation is the conducting zone?

A

Generation 0-16

Trachea –>bronchioles

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3
Q

What generation is the respiratory zone?

A

Generation 17-23

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4
Q

In which zone does gas exchange occur?

A

Respiratory zone only

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5
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Conditions incoming air:

  • Filters
  • Warms
  • Humidifies
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6
Q

Structure of bronchial wall

A
  • Cartilage rings
  • Smooth muscles
  • Mucous glands
  • Elastic tissue
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7
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A
  • Ciliated epithelia
  • Goblet cells
  • Sensory nerve endings
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8
Q

Where do the sensory nerve endings lie and what do they do?

A

Lie underneath tight junctions and detect noxious stimuli

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9
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce musin –> dissolves in fluid layer to form mucuous

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10
Q

What are bronchioles lined by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

What is the air-blood barrier?

A

A ‘sandwich’ created by flattened cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocytes and the capillary wall

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12
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A
  • Squamous alveolar cells
  • Organelles clustered around nucleus
  • Reduced thickness
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13
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A
  • Produce surfactant
  • Reduce alveolar surface tension
  • Can replicate and produce type 1
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14
Q

Which type of pneuomcytes produce surfactant?

A

Type 2

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15
Q

Which muscles are used in quiet inspiration?

A

Primary muscles of inspiration

- contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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16
Q

Mechanism of quiet inspiration

A

Thoracic and lung volume increase
Therefore pressure decreases and air moves in down the pressure gradient
- follows Boyle’s law: absolute pressure ∝ 1/volume

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17
Q

Which muscles are used in forced inspiration?

A

Primary muscles of inspiration and accessory muscles

involves:
- scalene muscles (move ribcage up)
- sternocleidomastoids (attached to sternum)
- neck/back muscles
- upper respiratory tract muscles

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18
Q

Quiet expiration mechanism

A

Passive process using elastic recoil

Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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19
Q

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

A

There are none

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20
Q

Forced expiration mechanism

A

Involves; accessory muscles, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, neck/back muscles

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21
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Serous membrane. Pleural cavity between two pleura membranes filled with secretions

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22
Q

What is the function of the pleura?

A

Prevents lungs from sticking to chest wall

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23
Q

What is the pressure of the inter pleural space at rest?

A

Sub-atmospheric

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24
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Collapsed lung due to presence of air in the pleural cavity

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25
Q

What would happen if inspired during pneumothorax?

A

Due to inter pleural space equaling atmospheric pressure, elastic nature of lungs would take over and collapse to minimal volume

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26
Q

How would you treat a pneumothorax?

A

Path the puncture in the membrane and put a chest tube in to allow the lungs to reinflate gradually expelling air from the pleural cavity

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27
Q

What is compliance?

A

A measure of elasticity in lung

C = ∆V/∆P

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28
Q

What does a low compliance means in terms of ventilation?

A

More work needed for inspiration

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29
Q

What does a high compliance means in terms of ventilation?

A

Difficulty expiring - loss of elastic recoil

30
Q

What are the two components to elastic recoil?

A
  • Elastic nature of cells/ECM

- Recoil due to surface tension generated at air-fluid interface from fluid layer on alveoli

31
Q

Which equation the relationship between water and air on alveoli surface tension?

A

Laplace’s equation

32
Q

Are all the air sacs in the lung the same volume?

A

No, many air sacs of different volumes

33
Q

What does Laplace’s equation show about smaller and larger air sace?

A

Pressure in larger sacs is lower so air flows from smaller alveoli to larger, collapse

34
Q

What is Laplace’s equation?

A

P = 2T/r

35
Q

Role of surfactant lining alveoli

A
  • Reduce surface tension
  • Prevents alveoli collapsing
  • Prevents over-inflation
36
Q

What is the surfactant lining alveoli composed of?

A

Lipids and proteins, produced by type 2 pneumocytes

37
Q

What is lung volume measure by? What can’t be measured by this?

A

Spirometer

Residual lung volume cannot be measure

38
Q

What are the two types of dead space?

A

Anatomical: volume of conducting zone

Physiological: volume of lung not participating in gas exchange

39
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal volume of air displaced during normal inspiration and normal expiration

40
Q

What is FEV1?

A

The volume of air displaced in a forced expiration in one second

41
Q

What is the inspiration capacity?

A

The total volume of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

42
Q

What is the expiration reserve volume?

A

The additional amount of air that can expelled after a normal exhalation

43
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The amount of air that is left after expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

44
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle
IC + ERV

45
Q

Using lung volumes, what can be a good health indicator?

A

FEV1/VC

46
Q

Which technique is used to measure functional residual capacity?

A

Helium dilution technique

47
Q

Lung volumes during exercise

A
  • Tidal volume increases
  • Reserve volumes decreases
  • TLC and RV remain the same
48
Q

Two factors that affect the airflow in the lung

A
  • Difference of pressure
  • Resistance
    V = ∆P/R
49
Q

Which law is the impact of resistance on flow determined by?

A

Poiseuille’s Law: Airway resistance is proportional to gas viscosity and the length of the tube but is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius

50
Q

What is the airway resistance inversely proportional to?

A

The fourth power of the radius

51
Q

Factors affecting resistance

A
  • Airway diameter
  • Mucous secretion
  • Oedema
  • Airway collapse
52
Q

Control of bronchial smooth muscle: Constriction

ANS and humoral factor

A

Parasympathetic - ACh released from vagus and acts on muscarinic receptors
(humoral factor) histamine - released during inflammatory response

53
Q

Control of bronchial smooth muscle: Dilation

ANS and humoral factor

A

Sympathetic - Norepineprine released - weak agonist

(humoEral factor) Epinephrine - better agonist

54
Q

Is the inter pleural pressure greater at the apex or the base?

A

The apex

55
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of their individual partial pressures

56
Q

Which law is used for gases in solution?

A

Henry’s Law

57
Q

What kind of structure does haemoglobin have?

A

Tetrametric structure with a mW of 68kD
Haem unit and global chain
2 alpha and 2 beta chains

58
Q

What chains are in children’s haemoglobin?

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

59
Q

What is the haem unit in haemoglobin?

A

Porphyrin rin containing single iron atom

60
Q

Which enzyme converts Fe3+ —> Fe2+?

A

Methaemoglobin reductase

61
Q

What two states does haemoglobin exist in? What are their affinities for O2?

A

Tense - Low affinity for O2

Relaxed - High affinity for O2

62
Q

Haemoglobin dissociation curve: Temperature

A

Increase - shifts curve right

Decrease -shifts curve left

63
Q

Haemoglobin dissociation curve: pH

A

Increase - shifts curve left

Decrease - shifts curve right

64
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

Shift in dissociation curve caused by pH

65
Q

What binds with a higher affinity to haemoglobin?

A

2, 3-diphosphoglycerate

66
Q

What occurs in tissues undergoing respiration which shifts the dissociation curve right?

A
  • Increased temperature
  • Increased CO2 production
  • Increased production of 2, 3-DPG
  • Decrease in pH
67
Q

What replaces the ß-globin chains in foetal haemoglobin?

A

Gamma chains (these aren’t sensitive to 2, 3-DPG)

68
Q

Which has a higher affinity for oxygen: haemoglobin of foetal haemoglobin?

A

Foetal haemoglobin - curve is leftwards or normal Hb

69
Q

How does the blood carry CO2?

A
  • Dissolved CO2
  • Carbonic acid
  • Bicarbonate ions
  • Carbonate ions
  • Carbamino compounds
70
Q

How and where is CO2 converted to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase in lungs

Physiology & Pharmacology (25 decks)

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