Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do receptors for peptide hormones lie?

A

In plasma membrane

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2
Q

Where do receptors for steroid hormones lie?

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A
  • FSH
  • Adrenaline
  • Insulin
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4
Q

Which are bigger, steroid or peptide hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

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5
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid-soluble?

A

Yes

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6
Q

How can receptors be up-regulated?

A
  • Increase in receptors

- Produce more or decrease destruction of receptors

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7
Q

How can receptors be down-regulated?

A
  • Decrease in receptors

- Internalise receptors or increase destruction

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8
Q

Can hormones affect receptors for other hormones, if yes, give an example?

A

Yes, oestrogen needs to be present for progesterone in 2nd half of the menstrual cycle

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9
Q

What is clomiphene citrate?

A

Antagonist against oestrogen

Used in treatment for IVF, body produce more oestrogen to compensate

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10
Q

Signal transduction results in:

A
  • Receptor enzyme activity
  • Activity of JAK kinases associated with the receptor
  • G-proteins generate 2nd messengers
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11
Q

What can cortisol be used for?

A

Reducing inflammation

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12
Q

What can progesterone be used for?

A

“Morning after” pill

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13
Q

What is the endocrine system coordinated by?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis

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14
Q

Where are hormones in the hypothalamus secreted and released from?

A

Adenohypophysis (anterior)

Neurohypophysis (posterior of pituitary gland)

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15
Q

Examples of hormones secreted from the neurohypophysis

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

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16
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans
α cells secrete glucagon
ß cells secrete insulin

17
Q

Reaction to form insulin

A

preproinsulin —> proinsulin —> insulin

cleaved by proteolytic enzymes

18
Q

How is insulin release stimulated?

A

Increased blood glucose

Increase blood arginine/leucine

19
Q

Which amino acids can stimulate insulin release?

A

Arginine and leucine

20
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1: insulin-dependent

Type 2: non insulin-dependent

21
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • Lack of insulin from ß cells
  • Cells can’t uptake glucose can lead to ketoacidosis
  • Polyuria and high glucose levels in urine
  • Chronic herperglycaemia and dehydration
22
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • Obese, 40+ years
  • More common
  • Normal insulin levels but peripheral tissues don’t respond
23
Q

Treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections

24
Q

Treatments for type 2 diabetes

A

Weight reduction and metformin (lowers glucose syntheses and release at liver)

25
Q

What is metformin?

A

Oral hypoglycaemic agent in the biguanide group

26
Q

What does metformin do?

A

Increase in glucose uptake in muscle, reduces hepatic production of glucose
Doesn’t cause hypoglycaemia - prevents hyperglycaemia

27
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Posterior pituitary gland fails to produce adequate levels of ADH

28
Q

What is the major feature of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

Insulin resistance

29
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate when at mental and physical rest but not sleeping, at comfortable temperature and fasted for at least 12 hours

30
Q

Define metabolic rate

A

Total body energy expenditure per unit time

31
Q

What does thyroid hormone stimulate?

A
  • Protein stimulates
  • Increase use of glucose and free fatty acids for ATP production
  • Increase lipolysis
32
Q

What can too little thyroid hormone(thyroxine) lead to?

A
  • Cretinism

- Myxoedema

33
Q

What can too much thyroid hormone (thyroxine) lead to?

A
  • Graves disease

- Goiter