Lung Disease

Question 1

What are the two categories of lung disease?

Answer 1

• Obstructive - reduction in flow through airways

- Restrictive - reduction in lung expansion

Question 2

What lung volumes can be used to construct flow-volume loops?

Answer 2

FEV1 and FVC

Question 3

What can FEV1 and FVC be used to construct?

Answer 3

Flow-volume loops

Question 4

The narrowing of airways in an obstructive lung disease is due to…

Answer 4

• Excess secretions
• Bronchoconstriction
• Inflammation

Question 5

How are FVC and FEV1 affected in obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 5

• FEV1 decreased

- FVC largely unaltered

Question 6

Give examples of obstructive lung diseases

Answer 6

• Chronic bronchitis
• Asthma
• COPD
• Emphysema

Question 7

What occurs during asthma attack?

Answer 7

Movement of inflammatory cells to the airways, release of inflammatory mediators and bronchoconstriction

Question 8

Short-acting treatment of asthma

Answer 8

• Salbutamol

ß2 adrenergic agonist

Question 9

Long-acting treatment of asthma

Answer 9

• Glucocorticoids

Question 10

How are lung volumes affected in restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 10

FVC reduced

FEV1 unaltered or increase

Question 11

What happens to chest expansion and compliance in a restrictive lung disease?

Answer 11

Reduced chest expansion and loss of compliance

Question 12

What is asbestosis?

Answer 12

Slow build up of fibrous tissue leading to a loss of compliance

Question 13

When are the dorsal respiratory nuclear in the medulla active?

Answer 13

During inspiration

Spontaneously active

Question 14

When are the ventral respiratory nuclei in the medulla active?

Answer 14

Forceful inspiration and forceful expiration

Inactive during quiet respiration

Question 15

Which respiratory nuclei are active during forceful inspiration and forceful expiration?

Answer 15

Ventral respiratory centres

Question 16

What are the pons?

Answer 16

Two centres in the pons that send stimuli to the medulla to regulate rate and depth of breathing

Question 17

What part of breathing do the pons regulate?

Answer 17

Rate and depth of breathing

Question 18

What are the two centres in the pons?

Answer 18

Pneumotaxis and apneustic centres

Question 19

What does the pneumotaxic centre do?

Answer 19

Increase rate by shortening inspirations

Question 20

What does the apneustic centre do?

Answer 20

Increase depth

Decrease rate by prolonging inspirations

Question 21

What is the Hering-Breur reflex?

Answer 21

• Stretch receptors in the lung
• Signals sent back to medulla
• Limits inspiration and prevents over-inspiration

Question 22

What are the two types of chemoreceptors?

Answer 22

Central and peripheral

Question 23

What do central chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 23

CSF

Question 24

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 24

In the carotid body and aortic arch