Lung Disease Flashcards
What are the two categories of lung disease?
- Obstructive - reduction in flow through airways
- Restrictive - reduction in lung expansion
What lung volumes can be used to construct flow-volume loops?
FEV1 and FVC
What can FEV1 and FVC be used to construct?
Flow-volume loops
The narrowing of airways in an obstructive lung disease is due to…
- Excess secretions
- Bronchoconstriction
- Inflammation
How are FVC and FEV1 affected in obstructive lung diseases?
- FEV1 decreased
- FVC largely unaltered
Give examples of obstructive lung diseases
- Chronic bronchitis
- Asthma
- COPD
- Emphysema
What occurs during asthma attack?
Movement of inflammatory cells to the airways, release of inflammatory mediators and bronchoconstriction
Short-acting treatment of asthma
- Salbutamol
ß2 adrenergic agonist
Long-acting treatment of asthma
- Glucocorticoids
How are lung volumes affected in restrictive lung diseases?
FVC reduced
FEV1 unaltered or increase
What happens to chest expansion and compliance in a restrictive lung disease?
Reduced chest expansion and loss of compliance
What is asbestosis?
Slow build up of fibrous tissue leading to a loss of compliance
When are the dorsal respiratory nuclear in the medulla active?
During inspiration
Spontaneously active
When are the ventral respiratory nuclei in the medulla active?
Forceful inspiration and forceful expiration
Inactive during quiet respiration
Which respiratory nuclei are active during forceful inspiration and forceful expiration?
Ventral respiratory centres
What are the pons?
Two centres in the pons that send stimuli to the medulla to regulate rate and depth of breathing
What part of breathing do the pons regulate?
Rate and depth of breathing
What are the two centres in the pons?
Pneumotaxis and apneustic centres
What does the pneumotaxic centre do?
Increase rate by shortening inspirations
What does the apneustic centre do?
Increase depth
Decrease rate by prolonging inspirations
What is the Hering-Breur reflex?
- Stretch receptors in the lung
- Signals sent back to medulla
- Limits inspiration and prevents over-inspiration
What are the two types of chemoreceptors?
Central and peripheral
What do central chemoreceptors monitor?
CSF
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
In the carotid body and aortic arch
