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Physiology & Pharmacology > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract structures

A
  1. Buccal cavity
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Duodenum
  5. Jejunum
  6. Ileum
  7. Caecum
  8. Rectum
  9. Anal canal
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2
Q

What occurs at the buccal cavity?

A

Mastication

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3
Q

What is in saliva to break down starches?

A

amylase

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4
Q

What are the muscles of mastication? What are they innervated by?

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Pterygoids
    Innervated by V3 of trigeminal nerve. cranial nerve V
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5
Q

What is the function of the layers of muscle in the oesophagus?

A

Perform peristaltic movements to push the bolus of food down into the stomach

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6
Q

What does the stomach release?

A

Proteases and HCl

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7
Q

Stomach structure

A 
Fundus
Cardia
Body
Pylorus
Pyloric sphincter
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8
Q

What occurs in the duodenum?

A

Enzymatic breakdown of chyme

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9
Q

How many sections of the duodenum are there?

A

4

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10
Q

What does the duodenum regulate?

A

The control of stomach emptying via hormones

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11
Q

Which hormones does the duodenum secrete to regulate the control of stomach emptying?

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin

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12
Q

What occurs at the jejunum? What does it have to aid in this?

A

Lots of absorption

Has microvilli

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13
Q

What is abundant in the ileum?

A

Peyer’s patches - encapsulated lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of immune system cells

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14
Q

What does the ileum absorb?

A

Vitamin B12, bile salts and products of digestion not absorbed by jejunum

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15
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestines (colon)?

A
  • Absorb remaining water and electrolytes
  • Accept and stores food remains undigested in the small intestine
  • Eliminate solid waste from the body
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16
Q

Colon structure

A
  • Appendix
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
17
Q

What is the caecum?

A

Pouch-like structure considered to be the beginning of the colon

18
Q

How is the ileum associated to the caecum?

A

The ileum pushes chyme into it through the ileo-cacael valve

19
Q

Is the caecum larger in herbivores?

A

Yes

20
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Final part of the colon, connecting to the anus

temporarily stores faeces

21
Q

What des the end of the rectum expand into?

A

The rectal ampulla where faeces is stored before defection

22
Q

What does stretch of rectal walls stimulate and thus cause?

A

Stretch receptors and causes the desire to defecate

23
Q

What does voluntary retention of faeces do?

A

Pushes the faeces back into the colon where more water will be extracted –> harder –> constipation

Physiology & Pharmacology (25 decks)

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