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Physiology & Pharmacology > The Integumentary System (/Skin) > Flashcards

The Integumentary System (/Skin) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Synthesis and storage or nutrient (Vitamin D3 synthesis)
  • Temperature maintenance
  • Sensory reception
  • Excretion and secretion
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2
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin and accessory strucutres

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3
Q

How many layers does the skin have?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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4
Q

Examples of accessory structures

A

Glands (2 sweat glands, sebaceous gland), hair, nails

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5
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

Thick skin and thin skin

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6
Q

Where might thick skin be found and give some characteristics?

A

Palm of hands, sole of feet
No hair 5 layers (stratum)
stratified, squamous, keratinised epithelium

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7
Q

Where is thin skin found and how many layers does it have?

A

Rest of the body

4 layers

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8
Q

Which layer of skin regenerates throughout life?

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Epidermis and keratinocytes

A

Keratinocytes are born in the lower layer and migrate upwards during their life

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10
Q

Where are dead keratinocytes found?

A

On the very lateral of the epidermis

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11
Q

What are the five stratum in the epidermis?

A 
Basal
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
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12
Q

What 3 cell types are found in stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes - majority, mitotic in this strata
Melanocytes - responsible for skin colour
Tactile (/Merkel) cells - connected to sensory nerves and participate to the sense of touch

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of pigments from melanocytes

A
  • Eumelanin: brown insoluble pigment

- Pheomelanin: red soluble pigment

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14
Q

What is the thickets layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

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15
Q

Stratum spinosum characteristics

A

Keratinocytes - still mitotic

  • higher content in keratin
  • cells detach from the basement membrane and migrate apically
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16
Q

What is the last layer of the epidermis to have cells containing nuclei?

A

Stratum granulosum

17
Q

How many layers of flat keratinocytes does stratum granulosum contain?

A

3-5

18
Q

Stranum granulosim characteristics

A

Keratinocytes- post mitotic, make large amount if keratin and a glycolipid

Keratin forms filaments that are durable
Glycolipid spreads over keratinocytes and make the skin water-resistant

19
Q

Which strata only exists in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

20
Q

What are the keratinocytes like in stratum lucidum?

A

Densely packet and contain no nuclei or organelles

21
Q

Which strata is the most superficial layer?

A

Stratum corneum

22
Q

Stratum corneum characteristics

A

15-30 layers of dead, keratinised cells

- high lipid content –> permeability barrier

23
Q

What happens to cells at the surface of stratum corneum?

A

Cells at the surface flake off

24
Q

Mnemonic to remember layer (inwards to outwards)

A

Basic spiny grans look corny

25
Q

Is the dermis or epidermis thicker?

A

Dermis

26
Q

How many layers does the dermis have and what are they?

A
  • Papillary layer

- Reticular layer

27
Q

In which of the 3 layers are blood vessels present?

A

Dermis

28
Q

Which layer is also called the subcutaneous layer?

A

Hypodermis

29
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A

Connective tissue with adipocytes

30
Q

Examples of cutaneous glands

A

mammary glands, ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

31
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Apocrine and merocrine

32
Q

Where do apocrine glands secrete product?

A

These sweat glands secrete products into hair follicles of armpits

33
Q

Which sweat glands secrete product into hair follicles of armpits?

A

Apocrine glands

34
Q

Which sweat glands are heavily involved in thermoregulation?

A

Merocrine glands

35
Q

Three ways in which skin is a barrier

A

Physical - toughness of keratin
Biochemical - Sebum contains bactericidal substances and sweat bring the pH down
Immunological - Langerhans cell in epidermis trigger immunological response during infection

36
Q

Which strata are Langerhans cells present in the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinulosum

37
Q

Which strata is vitamin D3 produced in?

A

Stratum basale and spinulosum

38
Q

Where is vitamin D3 further processed? What does this produce?

A

In the liver and kidneys to produce the cofactor of VDR (vitamin D receptor) that acts as a transcription factor

Physiology & Pharmacology (25 decks)

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