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ATR2010C > thermal injuries > Flashcards

thermal injuries Flashcards

1
Q

What is exertion hyperthermia?

A

The body overheats during exercise

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2
Q

what are the primary causes of hyperthermia?

A
  1. sweating without rehydrating
  2. lack of acclimatization
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3
Q

what is acclimatization?

A

the ability to acclimate (adjust) to different conditions

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4
Q

what are secondary risk factors to hyperthermia?

A

clothing, equipment, medical history, and fitness level

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5
Q

what sports are at risk of hyperthermia?

A

summer sports

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6
Q

what are the two biggest environmental aspects related to heat illness?

A

heat and humidity

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7
Q

what is syncope?

A

the feeling of being faint

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8
Q

true or false: syncope is a sign of heat related illness?

A

true

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9
Q

what are 6 intrinsic risk factors to hyperthermia?

A
  1. age
  2. somatotype (physique)
  3. fitness level
  4. previous history
  5. hydration status
  6. post-illness
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10
Q

what ages are at a higher risk of hyperthermia?

A

very young and very old individuals

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11
Q

what body type is an endomorph?

A

a compact individual that tends to have more body fat

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12
Q

what body type is an ectomorph?

A

someone that is more lean and taller

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13
Q

what body type is a mesomorph?

A

someone that has a more muscular build

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14
Q

true or false: ectomorphs tend to struggle with sweating

A

false, they tend to sweat easily

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15
Q

why does an individual that just had an illness at a higher risk for hyperthermia?

A

a virus could have impacted someones fluid balance.

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16
Q

what are 4 extrinsic risk factors to hyperthermia?

A
  1. ambient temperature
  2. relative humidity
  3. clothing/equipment
  4. activity level
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17
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

the body’s ability to maintain or regulate core temperature at a safe level

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18
Q

what is a safe core temperature?

A

around 98.6

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19
Q

does hyperthermia or hypothermia have more gain than loss (gain>loss)

A

hyper

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20
Q

does hyperthermia or hypothermia have mored loss than gain (loss>gain)

A

hypo

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21
Q

what are 4 ways the body gains heat?

A
  1. solar radiation
  2. ambient temperature
  3. metabolic functions (BMR)
  4. exercised/physical activity (work)
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22
Q

what are 4 ways the body loses heat?

A
  1. conductive
  2. convective
  3. radiant
  4. evaporative
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23
Q

what is the primary way the body loses heat during exercise?

A

evaporative

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24
Q

what is conduction?

A

transferring heat from water to cooler object through direct contact

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25
Q

what are examples of conduction?

A

wet towel, ice packs, ice baths

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26
Q

what is convection?

A

the transfer of heat between an object and environment through a medium (like air or water)

27
Q

does convection cooling help with conduction cooling?

A

yes

28
Q

what is the cutaneous thermopane?

A

when the body traps heat at the skin layer and prevents conductive cooling

29
Q

what is radiation cooling?

A

the transfer of heat in a vacuum (or a room)

30
Q

what is evaporation cooling?

A

transfer of heat through changing physical states (liquid to gas)

31
Q

what is the most efficient way to lose heat?

A

evaporation

32
Q

does humidity hinder or help with evaporative cooling?

A

hinder

33
Q

how is hydration related to heat illness?

A

protective mechanism

34
Q

why does fluid balance have such an impact on heat illness?

A

water has a high capacitance for heat storage

35
Q

what is the rapid loss of fluid balance on an acute level?

A

hypohydration

36
Q

what is the gradual loss of fluid balance over days (a chronic level)

A

dehydration

37
Q

how much of our body weight is water?

A

60%

38
Q

does sweating lower or increase blood volume?

A

lowers

39
Q

what are the 4 compartments where water is stored?

A
  1. intracellular
  2. extracellular
  3. transcellular
  4. blood and lymph
40
Q

what are sources of water input?

A

drinks, foods, and metabolic reactions

41
Q

what are sources of water output?

A

excretory, sweating, and breathing

42
Q

what part of the brain is considered the internal thermostat?

A

hypothalamus

43
Q

how does sweating get triggered?

A

if the hypothalamus detects a core temperature over a certain threshold, it will activate the sweat mechanism

44
Q

is sweating enhanced with circulating levels of epinephrine?

A

yes

45
Q

what is another name for epinephrine?

A

adrenaline

46
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete which helps reabsorb sodium in the kidneys and sweat glands

A

aldosterone

47
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland secret to help retain water din the kidney?

A

vasopressin (ADH)

48
Q

what sport has the most cases and fatalities to exertional heat illness

A

football

49
Q

is exertional heat illness preventable?

A

yes

50
Q

what are the 3 grades of EHI?

A
  1. mild (syncope)
  2. medium (exhaustion)
  3. severe (heat stroke)
51
Q

what is syncope?

A

feeling faint and lightheaded; early sign of EHI

52
Q

what are the s/s of syncope?

A

profuse sweating and feeling faint

53
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension?

A

an excessive fall in BP upon standing from a supine position

54
Q

what causes the drop in BP with orthostatic hypotension?

A

less blood returning to the heart and brain due to the pooling in the legs and trunk

55
Q

what are s/s of orthostatic hypotension?

A

feeling faint, dizzy, or lightheaded upon standing

56
Q

how do you perform the special test for orthostatic hypotension?

A

take BP and pulse in the supine position, then have the stand and retake vital signs after two minutes

57
Q

how do you care for someone in syncope?

A

stop exercise immediately, sit down and rest, and consume fluids

58
Q

what is grade two of exertional heat exhaustion?

A

generalized fatigue during exercise; there’s an inability to continue exercise in hot environment

59
Q

what are the two distinguishing factors between grade 2 and grade 3 of exertional heat exhaustion?

A

core temperature, and the mental and neurological status of the individual

60
Q

true or false: exertional heat stroke is the 4th leading cause of death

A

false, it’s the 3rd

61
Q

what body temperature is considered unsafe

A

greater than 105

62
Q

what temperatures are considered hypothermia?

A

<60

63
Q

what temperature does the body go into coma at?

A

<79

ATR2010C (19 decks)

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