ankle and foot

Question 1

is the tibia medial or lateral?

Answer 1

medial

Question 2

is the fibula medial or lateral?

Answer 2

lateral

Question 3

is the tibia or fibular the weight bearing bone (aka which is bigger)

Answer 3

the tibia

Question 4

what is the anterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

Answer 4

dorsiflexion

Question 5

what is the lateral compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

Answer 5

eversion

Question 6

what is the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

Answer 6

plantar flexion

Question 7

what movement does the distal tibio-fibular joint do?

Answer 7

none; its syndesmosis (immovable for the most part)

Question 8

what movement does the talo-cural joint do?

Answer 8

dorsi and plantar flexion

Question 9

what movement does the sub-talar (talo-calcaneal) joint do?

Answer 9

inversion and eversion

Question 10

are are the bones of the rear-foot? (there are 4)

Answer 10

1. distal tibia
2. distal fibula
3. talus
4. calcaneus

Question 11

what are the bones of the mid-foot?

Answer 11

the tarsal bones (cuboid, navicular, and cuneiforms)

Question 12

what are the bones of the fore-foot?

Answer 12

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 13

how do the mortise and tenon joint fit together?

Answer 13

interlock like pieces of wood

Question 14

which sits lower on the ankle, the medial malleolus or the lateral malleolus?

Answer 14

the lateral malleolus

Question 15

is inversion of the foot more common than eversion of the foot?

Answer 15

yes, due to the lateral malleolus sitting lower on the ankle

Question 16

what are the two superior ligaments of the ankle (part of the syndesmosis)

Answer 16

1. Anterior tibio-fibular
2. Posterior tibio-fibular

Question 17

what is the function of the two superior ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 17

hold two bones together

Question 18

what are the three lateral ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 18

1. anterior talofibular (ATFL)
2. calcaneofibular (CFL)
3. posterior talofibular (PTFL)

Question 19

of the three lateral ligaments, which two are the major ones to get injured?

Answer 19

the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular

Question 20

what is the job of the intra-articular ligaments?

Answer 20

keep the subtalar joint stable

Question 21

what are the intra-articular ligaments?

Answer 21

1. interosseous talo-calcaneal
2. cervical ligament

Question 22

why is it hard to diagnose injuries at the intra-articular ligaments?

Answer 22

because you can’t see them

Question 23

what are the medial ligaments called?

Answer 23

the deltoid

Question 24

what is the job of the medial ligaments? (two things)

Answer 24

they are the primary stabilizer of the medial side of the joint.
Restraint to eversion with dorsiflexion

Question 25

why are the medial ligaments rarely injured in sports?

Answer 25

the ankle rarely rolls out (eversion)

Question 26

what percentage of ankle sprains are to the lateral ligaments?

Answer 26

80-85%

Question 27

which ligament is the primary restraint to plantar flexion?

Answer 27

ATFL

Question 28

which ligament is the primary restraint to inversion?

Answer 28

CFL

Question 29

what is the MOI to injure the distal tibia-fib (syndesmosis)

Answer 29

internal rotation/adduction of the foot

Question 30

what are 5 s/s of a lateral ankle sprain

Answer 30

1. swelling around lateral malleolus 2. decreased ROM (due to swelling) 3. point tender over ligaments 4. discoloration 5. can’t bear weight on joint

Question 31

what is the MOI of a medial ankle sprain?

Answer 31

forced eversion/rolling the ankle out (stress was put on the deltoid)

Question 32

which ligaments tend to get torn in a medial ankle sprain?

Answer 32

distal tib-fib joint (syndesmosis)

Question 33

what is the maisonneuve fracture?

Answer 33

a spiral fracture to the proximal third of the fibula.

Question 34

what is a the anterior drawer test used for?

Answer 34

ATFL (lateral sprain)

Question 35

what is the talar tilt test used for?

Answer 35

CFL and deltoid

Question 36

true or false: ankle taping is better than bracing.

Answer 36

false

Question 37

what bone is the keystone of the longitudinal arch?

Answer 37

navicular

Question 38

what bone is the keystone of the transverse arch?

Answer 38

3rd metatarsal

Question 39

true or false: in over-protonators the navicular will drop from the arch.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

what 4 bands of connective tissue make up the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 40

1. plantar fascia 2. long plantar ligament 3. short plantar ligament 4. “spring” ligament

Question 41

where does the plantar fascia spread to?

Answer 41

calcaneus to metatarsal heads

Question 42

where does the “spring” ligament connect?

Answer 42

calcaneus to the navicular

Question 43

what issue do flat footed people suffer from?

Answer 43

overpronation

Question 44

what is the name for flat feet

Answer 44

pes planus

Question 45

what is stressed in individuals with pes planus?

Answer 45

the arch and the medial ankle

Question 46

what is the name for someone with a high arch?

Answer 46

pes cavus

Question 47

what is stressed in individuals with pes cavus?

Answer 47

the mid foot region

Question 48

which way does the tibia rotate during pronation?

Answer 48

internally

Question 49

which way does the tibia rotate during supination?

Answer 49

externally

Question 50

what causes plantar fasciitis (-fasciosis)

Answer 50

overpronation from worn shoes or bad mechanics

Question 51

what is a complication of plantar fasciitis?

Answer 51

heel spurs

Question 52

what causes a heel spur?

Answer 52

ossification at the point of attachment to the calcaneus

Question 53

what are 3 management techniques for those with plantar fasciitis?

Answer 53

1. stretching 2. arch taping 3. orthotics

Question 54

what is the MOI for tarsal tunnel syndrome

Answer 54

overpronation

Question 55

what is a s/s of tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 55

numbness and tingling

Question 56

what is the MOI for medial tibial stress syndrome?

Answer 56

overpronation coupled with overuse

Question 57

what is the common name for medial tibial stress syndrome?

Answer 57

shin splints

Question 58

what occurs during medial tibial stress syndrome?

Answer 58

the navicular drops and pulls on the tibias posterior tendon. The tibias posterior tendon will then pull on the medial tibia, and eventually the muscle will pull on the outer lining of the bone.

Question 59

what is periostitis?

Answer 59

when the muscle starts to get pulled, it will eventually start getting pulled off the bone

Question 60

where does a tibio-fibular fracture typically occur?

Answer 60

mid-shaft

Question 61

true or false: secondary damage is not possible with a tibio-fibular fracture.

Answer 61

false.

Question 62

when you check for neuromuscular function after a tibio-fibular fracture what are you checking for?

Answer 62

capillary refill

Question 63

is a tibial shaft fracture an open fracture?

Answer 63

yes

Question 64

what is typically the cause of a tibial shaft fracture?

Answer 64

an acute on chronic condition

Question 65

do you tend to need surgery with a tibial shaft fracture?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

what gets inserted during surgery in the tibia?

Answer 66

Intramedullary rod

Question 67

what gets inserted in the fibula during surgery?

Answer 67

kirshner wire

Question 68

where does a distal tibio-fibular fracture occur?

Answer 68

right above the ankle joint

Question 69

what is the MOI for fibular fractures?

Answer 69

falling on the outside of the lower leg OR hyper-inversion

Question 70

true or false: if there is pain above the ankle you assume fracture.

Answer 70

true

Question 71

what is the MOI of a calf strain/achilles tendon injury?

Answer 71

eccentric loading

Question 72

what muscle is effected by an acute strain in the calf?

Answer 72

gastrocnemius

Question 73

is the gastrocnemius a 1 joint or 2 joint muscle?

Answer 73

2 joint

Question 74

what is a MOI for chronic tendionsis of the achilles tendon?

Answer 74

overuse

Question 75

what are 4 things are occur because of chronic tendinosis?

Answer 75

1. tendon thickens 2. scare tissue & fibrosis 3. mucoid degeneration 4. calcium deposits and there’s fatty infiltration

Question 76

what are 2 ways to manage tendinosis?

Answer 76

stretching and strengthening

Question 77

what is the MOI for a lisfranc injury?

Answer 77

jammed with axial force with or without rotation

Question 78

where is a lisfranc injury?

Answer 78

midfoot (tarso-metatarsal joints)

Question 79

where does an avulsion fracture show on an x-ray?

Answer 79

tarso-metatarsal joint

Question 80

what causes an avulsion fracture?

Answer 80

traction force

Question 81

where does an avulsion fracture occur?

Answer 81

the styloid process

Question 82

where does a jones fracture show on an x-ray?

Answer 82

inter-metatarsal joint

Question 83

what is the cause of a jones fracture?

Answer 83

inversion or twisting

Question 84

what is another name for the jones fracture?

Answer 84

dancers fracture

Question 85

where does a stress fracture show on an x-ray?

Answer 85

the shaft of the 5th metatarsal

Question 86

what causes a stress fracture?

Answer 86

overuse and fatigue

Question 87

what is another name for a stress fracture?

Answer 87

march fracture

Question 88

what is morton’s neuroma?

Answer 88

a neural impingement due to the transverse arch collapsing

Question 89

what does morton’s neuroma result in?

Answer 89

an inflamed interdigital nerve

Question 90

where does morton’s neuroma usually occur?

Answer 90

between 2nd and 3rd metatarsal

Question 91

what is a s/s of morton’s neuroma?

Answer 91

burning pain and a tingling sensation

Question 92

what test is done for morton’s neuroma?

Answer 92

mulder’s sign

Question 93

what is metatarsalgia?

Answer 93

pain at the ball of the foot

Question 94

what is the MOI for metatarsalgia?

Answer 94

repetitive stress to forefoot

Question 95

what are the s/s of metatarsalgia?

Answer 95

point tenderness, pain with impact, swelling

Question 96

do you have to treat metatarsalgia symptomatically?

Answer 96

yes

Question 97

what is sesamoiditis?

Answer 97

inflammation of sesamoid bones and the surrounding soft tissue

Question 98

what is the MOI for sesamoiditis?

Answer 98

repetitive loading (typically at the big toe)

Question 99

what is another name for a big toe sprain?

Answer 99

turf toe

Question 100

what is the MOI for turf toe?

Answer 100

hyperextension of 1st MT-P joint and the capsule is torn

Question 101

what are the s/s of turf toe?

Answer 101

extreme pain upon bearing weight, decreased ROM, lack of push off strength

Question 102

what is a long-term complication of turf toe?

Answer 102

stiff toe and limited extension

Question 103

how do you manage turf toe?

Answer 103

taping or buying specialized shoes