other medical conditions Flashcards
what is a communicable infectious disease?
one that is transmissible by:
-contact with with individuals or their bodily fluids
-contaminated surfaces
-ingestion
-contact with disease vectors
what are examples of disease vectors?
mosquitoes, fleas, and mice
what is the transmission of communicable diseases?
person-to-person, dairy-borne, direct contact, or infected material
what parts of the body are impacted in an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
ear, nose, throat, and para-nassal sinuses
Throat and up
what parts of the body are impacted in a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
what is involved in a gastro-intestinal infection
stomach, small and large intestines
what is a viral URTI?
rhinitis
what is another name for rhinitis?
common cold
what are the s/s of rhinitis?
sore or scratchy throat, runny nose, low grade fever and cough
true or false: persistent s/s of rhinitis may involve a bacterial infection.
true
what is a common bacterial URTI?
strep throat
what are common s/s of strep throat?
sore throat, swollen lymph glands (difficulty breathing), and a high fever
what is the 3/3/3 rule with a common cold?
first 3 days you start to feel the symptoms, middle 3 it hits you hard, last 3 symptoms are leaving
is strep throat caused by chain bacteria or clumped bacteria?
chains
how do you diagnose strep throat? (2 ways)
antigen test and/or throat culture
what is the treatment used for strep throat?
antibiotic therapy
what are 4 LRTIs?
- influenza
- coronavirus
- pneumonia
- bronchitis
what occurs during bronchitis (think of the bronchi)
inflammation of mucus membrane in the bronchi
what are s/s of bronchitis?
cough, sore throat, fever, chills, etc.
what is the common name for influenza?
flu
is the influenza viral or bacterial?
viral
what are s/s of influenza?
chills, fever, sore throat, muscle & joint pain, severe headache, cough, extreme fatigue
What can influenza lead to if not treated?
pneumonia
what infection is characterized by inflammation of alveoli
pneumonia
what are symptoms of pneumonia?
flu-like symptoms with a persistent cough, chest pain, and dyspnea
what two viruses cause GI infections?
rotavirus
norovirus
what does gastro-enteritis affect?
the stoma and small and large intestines
what is the common name for gastro-enteritis?
stomach flu
what is the transmission for a GI infection?
ingestion (food or water-borne)
inhaled (ingested)
what are s/s of a GI infection?
abdominal pain & cramping, headache dizziness and fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea
is lyme disease bacterial or viral?
bacterial
what is an early s/s of lyme disease?
red circular area around the bite
what are late s/s of lyme disease?
flu-like symptoms with arthritis
can lyme disease become systemic?
yes
is infectious mononucleosis viral or bacterial?
viral
what is another name for infectious mononucleosis?
kissing disease, or mono
what are s/s of mono?
enlarged lymph nodes, flu-like symptoms, and splenomegaly
what is a splenomegaly?
an increased risk of a spleen ruptured in contact sports due to an increase in the size
what is diabetes?
the inability to regulate blood glucose levels
what does diabetes mellitus lead to?
glucosuria (sweet urine)
what does insulin do?
helps escort glucose into the cells for energy and removes metabolites
what is the target organ of insulin?
muscle cells
what does glucagon do?
conteracts insulin and therefore increases blood glucose levels
what is the target organ of glucagon?
the liver
is type 1 or type 2 child on set diabetes?
type 1
type _____ is an insulin deficiency while type ____ is an insulin resistance
1, 2
true or false: type two requires a daily insulin supplementation because there is a loss of insulin producing cells.
false, type 1 has a loss of insulin producing cells
true or false: exercise has an “insulin-like” effect on muscle
true
what are s/s of hyperglycemia?
DKA, extreme thirst and urge to pe, nausea and vomiting, loss of consciousness
what are s/s of hypoglycemia?
dizzy, lightheaded, extreme hunger, profuse sweating, erratic behavior, unsteady, loss of motor coordination
how do you deal with hypoglycemia?
eat something sugary (frosted flakes or apple juice)
what does DKA stand for?
Diabetic keto-acidosis
what is DKA?
starving cells that start to breakdown fats and proteins because there’s no glucose present
what is an allergic reaction?
a triggering by a host of irritants that activate an immune response.
what are the 4 types of triggers for an allergic reaction?
- environmental
- food-borne
- chemical
- mechanical
true or false: allergies are acquired, reactions are predicable and occur rapidly
true
are allergic reactions a hyposensitivity disorder of the immune system?
no, they are a hypersensitivity disorder.
what cells are involved in an allergic reaction?
super density mast cells (IgE)
what are the s/s of an allergic reaction?
hives, redness, swelling, itching, runny nose, watery eyes, and airway constriction
what systems could be involved during an allergic reaction?
digestive, respiratory, and circulatory
what are s/s of an ingested allergic reaction?
abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea
what are s/s of an inhaled or injected allergic reaction?
asthma, sneezing, and bronchospasm
how do you manage an allergic reaction?
anti-histamines, steroids, and epinephrine (epi-pen)
what are the 2 potential life threatening aspects of a severe allergic reaction?
airway constriction and angio-edema
what is angio-edema?
swelling of the face, lips, throat, and neck region
what is exercise-induced asthma?
a reaction of the airways to weather and the environment during vigorous exercise
what are the s/s of EIA?
tight chest, coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea
what is an exertional muscle cramp?
a sudden, involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or part of it
When do EAMCs occur?
after strenuous, fatiguing exercise
why do some people experience EAMCs?
the muscles shut down in an attempt to protect your fatiguing self from injury
what is exertional hyponatremia?
water intoxication (fluid/electrolyte level imbalance)
why does exertional hyponatremia occur?
loss of sodium (through sweat) in athletes and they only rehydrate with water, therefore they are in an electrolyte imbalance
what does exertional hyponatremia lead to?
cellular swelling
what is exertional rhabdomyolysis (ERM)?
the breaking down of skeletal muscle cells
what causes ERM?
strenuous exercise with eccentric component to large muscle groups
when are individuals at a higher risk for ERM?
when they are dehydrated or recovering from illness
what gets released into the bloodstream during ERM?
creatine kinase and myoglobin
what is exertional sickling?
when hemoglobin releases oxygen during intense exercise and causes the RBCs to change their shape, this causes a jam in major arteries
