Concepts of injury Flashcards
What is the definition of sports injury
There is none! You can only characterize sports injuries!
What are sports injuries characterized by?
-Sports participation
-The body area involved in the injury
-Tissue damaged
-Severity
-Mechanism (how did it occur/what caused it)
-Time lost or how long away from competition
-Was the athlete evaluated by medical personnel and did they receive treatment
What are the three types of force
- Compressive
- tension
- shear
What is a compressive force?
A direct flow or blunt force
What is a tension (tensile) force?
Pulling apart
What is a shear (friction) force?
Rubbing or twisting
What force is connective tissue the most resistant to?
Tensile forces
What force(s) is/are connective tissues the least resistant to?
Compressive and shear forces
What force(s) typically cause injuries
A combination of forces
What is critical force?
The yield point; the point where you start damaging your tissues to the point of injury
What are injures responding to when they occur?
Mechanical forces that exceed the critical force level of a particular tissue.
Does every type of tissue in every person have the same critical force?
No, every body and every muscle is different and has a different critical force
What is macro-trauma?
Damage from a single force
What is micro-trauma?
Damage from multiple, repetitive forces (fatigue)
Why may critical force vary within the same tissue?
-genetics
-age
-temperature (if it’s warm the tissue may be more pliable)
-skeletal maturity
-previous injury
Do elastic materials resist deformation when stressed?
No, viscous (or plastic) materials do (like play dough)
Do viscous materials resist deformation when stressed?
Yes!
What are the 5 injury categories?
- Acute
- Chronic
- Acute on chronic
- Chronic on acute
- Catastrophic
What are acute injuries characterized by?
Rapid onset, resulting from a macro-traumatic event
What symptoms do acute injuries typically have?
Pain, swelling, and loss of function
What are chronic injuries characterized by?
Slow, insidious onset, resulting from a series of micro-traumatic events
What are chronic injuries typically called?
Overuse injuries
What are common sites for chronic injuries?
Achilles, patellar, and the rotator cuff
What characterizes an acute on chronic injury?
A chronic injury with lingering symptoms (micro trauma)
What characterizes a chronic on acute injury?
an acute injury that becomes a chronic condition
What characterizes a catastrophic injury?
It is serious, life-threatening injury or causes a disability (typically neurological).
It can result in permanent impairment, but not always
What are some examples of catastrophic injuries?
-Spinal cord injury
-traumatic brain injury (but not a concussion)
-heat stroke
-anaphylactic shock
-sudden cardiac arrest
-massive blood loss
What are the main types of injuries? (there are 6)
- Sprains
- Strains
- Contusions
- Fractures
- Dislocations
- Concussions
What type of tissue/organ does a sprain involve?
ligaments
What type of tissue/organ does a strain involve?
tendons, muscle, or musculotendious juntions
What type of tissue/organ does a contusion involve?
The skin, muscle, and/or bone.
What are contusions associated with?
Pain, stiffness, swelling, ecchymosis, and hematoma
What long term effect can a contusion potentially lead to?
Myositis ossificans.
What is myositis ossificans?
When bone or calcium deposits begin to form in the area of injury as a protection method
What type of tissue/organ does a fracture involve?
Bone
What are the 4 types of fractures?
- closed
- open
- stress
- Salter-Harris
What is a closed fracture?
When there is structural damage to the bone, but its not displaced.
What is an open fracture?
When the fracture causes a break in the skin
What do open fractures increase the risk of?
Infection
What is a stress fracture?
When the bone wasn’t given enough time to recover after a period of stress.
It’s like a fatigue fracture
What is a Salter-Harris fracture?
A growth plate fracture
What tissue/organ does a dislocation impact?
A joint
What is a dislocation?
Displacement of bone surfaces comprising a joint
What is subluxation?
Partial displacement. This occurs when the joint shifts out of place and goes back in.
What is luxation?
Total displacement. When this occurs you get a lot of structural damage to ligaments.
What tissue/organ does a concussion impact?
The brain, specifically microscopic damage is done to the axon bundles
What is a concussion?
A mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)
What are the three classifications of sports
- contact/collision
- limited contact/impact
- non-contact
Why is the classification of sports important?
It allows you to be better trained for the types of injuries you may see, and you can have the proper medical supervision and specific recommendations for coverage present
