injury prevention proactive Flashcards
what is the goal of proactive strategies
to prevent injury while optimizing physical training and human performance
what is one of the most important aspects that an athlete can have
resilience
what is proactive prevention
a planned approach that helps prevent injuries before they occur
what is retroactive prevention
the plan that occurs after an athlete gets injured to help prevent re-injury or reoccurrence
what does a team approach do
helps identify and mitigate risks while using a periodization model
what does the team (unit) do
supervise the athletes, while working together to help with risk management
who are the primary members in the team
- certified athletic trainer
- team physician (MD/DO)
- physician assistant
who are the secondary members in the team?
- physician consultants
- physical therapists
- massage therapists
- nutrition specialists
- counseling or clinical psychologist
- EMS
who is the most responsible for day-to-day health care? why?
the ATC because they are the most accessible to athletes and they act as the “gatekeeper”
what is the role of the team physician?
they oversee all orders that the ATC and the PAs make when dealing with the athletes.
what does the team physician do that no other team member can do ?
- write the standing orders
- PPE
- Game and event coverage (being at the game and being available)
- Handling referrals
- Prescribing remand and RTP decisions
- Medical records
what are intrinsic factors?
Factors that are internal to the person
what are extrinsic factors?
Factors that are external to the person
What are examples of intrinsic factors?
age, gender, body size/morphology, psychological (attitude, personality traits), and injury history (injury prone)
What are examples of extrinsic factors?
the environment (activity type, conditions, etc.), equipment, and condition/training errors (insufficient rest, overtraining, dehydration)
what is periodization training?
the manipulation of training variables to help optimize performance
what are the 3 variables that are adjusting in periodization training?
volume (quantity), intensity (quality), and technical aspects (skills)
when is volume the highest during periodization training?
during the preparatory period
what is the highest during the competition period?
intensity and technique
can periodization training be applied to all forms of exercise and training?
yes
what is the longest phase of periodization?
macrocycles (long-term)
what is the shortest phase of periodization?
microcycles (short-term)
what are mesocycles?
intermediate length periods in periodization training
what is the biggest risk of the preparatory phase?
it is very high volume training and the body is not used to the quantity that it is being put through
what is the risk of the first transition period?
there is a steady increase in intensity and reduced volume
what is the risk in the competition phase?
it is peak intensity and very low volume, when your body was used to high volume
what is the risk in the second transition period (active rest)
you have a massive drop in volume and intensity, which could lead to your body being unprepared for the preparatory period.
what are three main proactive safety issues?
protection (equipment), playing conditions (inspections), and surveillance
why do you tape and brace injuries?
to prevent stresses to joints, muscles, and ligaments
when should you tape and brace?
prior to practices and games; also after an injury to prevent re-injury (this is retroactive)
What are the goals of universal precautions
to reduce the risk of exposure to Blood Borne Pathogens (BBPs)
What are examples of BBPs?
HIV and HBV
what are universal precautions?
A special approach to treating all patients as if they were infected with a BBP
What are the universal precaution techniques?
wearing latex gloves, hand washing, safe disposal of items in contact with blood and immunizations
What was the title IX education assistance act of 1972?
Helped with gender equality and determining why there were injury differences between men and women.
What was the clinical issue with the Title IX Education Assistance Act of 1972?
there were new injury patterns that emerged that appeared to be gender specific
What was the objective of the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program?
It was designed to track and analyze medical illnesses and injuries that result from sport participation (injury epidemiology)
Are are the goals of epidemiology of sports injury? (there are 3)
- Study the distribution of injuries/illnesses and collect data
- Identify risk factors that play a causative role in injuries/illnesses
- Develop and implementing strategies to prevent or reduce the occurrence and severity of illnesses and injuries.
What is the definition of Sports Injury?
- Occurs as a result of participation in organized intercollegiate practice or game.
- Requires medical attention by a team certified athletic trainer or physician (MD)
- Results in restriction of athlete’s participation for one or more days after the injury
Does time lost from an injury reflect the severity?
No, everyone’s body responds differently from injuries and recovery time could be different.
what is risk management?
Identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks that may have legal consequences.
It’s an application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate event
What are the 3 types of issues that could occur with sports medicine delivery.
- Medical
- Legal
- Ethical
how do you prevent medical issues
hire qualified personnel (ATC/L)
How do you prevent legal issues?
Prevent litigation due to negligence
How do you prevent ethical issues?
Professional ethics should include an obligation to provide health care to athletes regardless of cost, safety of athlete is foremost, not saving money!
What is negligence?
The failure to provide appropriate care that results in harm to an athlete.
What is malfeasance aka malpractice?
when care is given that is outside the responsibility of the caregiver
what is misfeasance?
it is within the scope of someones practice, but the wrong procedure was performed.
what is the act of commission?
acting in an improper way
what is the act of omission?
The failure to act
What is nonfeasance?
the failure to perform legal duty
what are the 4 criteria for negligence?
- a duty to act (under a standard of care or contract)
- a breach of that duty (contract)
- Proximate or legal cause is shown (causal connection is the key element to negligence - how is what was done, or not done, the cause of the injury)
- Damage is demonstrated (how? can the results of a MRI show the cause of the injury)
How do you prevent liability?
- There’s an assumption of risk (athletes assume risk of injury by participating)
- Contributory negligence
- Act of God (there are some factors beyond a scope of control)
If you get sued what are 4 things you should do?
- Call your insurance company
- Call your attorney
- Write a detailed description on the incident and obtain signed statements from witness(s)
- Make no statement to the media or other parties without legal counsel
What are 4 things you should monitor involving the environment:
- Heat and humidity
- Fluid balance (hydration)
- Weight charts (hydration)
- Acclimatization (equipment and attire)
What is the goal of monitoring heat and humidity?
To reduce the risk of heat-related illness (heat exhaustion and stroke)
What are extrinsic factors that impact heat related illnesses?
High heat and relative humidity, clothing, and how much of a breeze is present
What are intrinsic factors impacting heat related illnesses?
Injury prone, hydration state, and one’s level of exertion (condition)
What is an important way to fight heat related illness?
Fluid and electrolyte replacement and balance
What is hypo-hydration?
an acute loss of fluid balance.
You should be recovered by the next day.
What is dehydration?
The gradual loss of fluid balance over days.
You wouldn’t recover by the next day and you are at an increased risk of heat illness
Why are you at an increased risk of heat illness if you are dehydrated?
You don’t have a reserve of fluids in your body for sweat, and without that reserve you can’t cool yourself down. Also, your body needs fluids to function properly, so if they are low, your body can’t function properly.
What does dark urine indicate?
A negative fluid balance
What does clear urine indicate?
A good fluid balance
What is the purpose of checking weight charts on a daily basis?
You are able to track how much weight someone is losing (this allows you to see if someone is dehydrated because they wouldn’t be able to recover the next day if they lost >6% of their BW)
How do you measure humidity as its related to heat
psychrometry
What is acclimatization?
The improved capacity to withstand heat stress through internal and external adjustments
What does acclimatization do?
it reduces the physiological strain on the body while maintaining physical work capacity.
It also helps protect the internal organs
How long does acclimatization take?
7-21 days everyday with around 2 hours of exercise, but it could take up to 6 months to become fully acclimatized
What are recommendations to take to help with acclimatization?
Increase the fitness level prior to heat exposure, increase intensity and volume of exercise gradually with heat exposure, and rehydrate during exercise
what are some physiological adaptations of acclimatization?
- Increased plasma volume and cutaneous blood flow - this allows for you to get more fluid and RBC (oxygen, hemoglobin, etc.)
- increased central and peripheral tolerance to heat and/or direct sun exposure
- sweating
- increased fitness level
- organ protection
What is flexibility?
the ability of a joint to move through an unrestricted, pain-free ROM
What is stretching?
The loading of tissues that increases lengthening.
What is the goal of stretching?
To give you more pliability and flexibility
What is extensibility?
The capability of tissues to be stretched
Why should we stretch? (5 reasons)
- Warm up the body
- Improve extensibility and ease strain of C.T. during exercise
- Prime the neuromuscular system and tissues for exercise
- Improve joint ROM
- Improve muscle performance
What is chronic stretching?
when you hold positions anywhere between 1 minute to 6-8 hours.
what is the use of low-load, prolonged stretch?
it’s therapeutic for tissue contractures (time-dependent promotes creep response)
