Theriogenology in camelids (Pozor) Flashcards
1
Q
Repro charact of camelids
A
- Puberty
- male: 18-20 months
- female: 10 months
- First breeding
- male: 2 years
- female: 12-13 months or 33 kg (65% body weight)
- Length of estrous cycle
- no true estrous cycle
- Time of ovulation
- Induced: 24 hours after breeding
2
Q
Breeding strategies
A
- Usually live cover
- 5% of herd should be male
- rotate groups of males every week or two
3
Q
camelid AI
A
- Challenges
- semen collection: copulation very prolonged, goes from horn to horn
- semen dilution: difficult b/c very gelatinous
- semen delivery: cervix difficult to penetrate
- Inductin of ovulation
4
Q
Semen collection
A
- Mannequin
- Artificial vagina
- constant temp
- constant stimulation
5
Q
Preparation of females for AI
A
- Ultrasound eval of follicular development
- follicle must be > 7mm and growing
6
Q
Induction of ovulation
A
- Vasectomized male
- GnRH
- hCG
- Seminal plasma injection (IM)
7
Q
AI
A
- Before ovulation
- 22-24 hours after induction of ovulation
- After ovulation
- within 2 hours after ovulation detection
8
Q
Pregnancy in camelids
A
- 98% left uterine horn
- Gestation length: 335-360 +
- CL-progesterone to term
- Placenta: epitheliochorial, diffuse, microcotyledonary, nondeciduate
- similar to equine
- Amnion adhered to chorioallantois + extra membrane
9
Q
pregnancy dx
Camelids
Indirect
Direct
A
- Indirect methods
- behavioral refusal
- Progesterone assay
- Direct methods
- Rectal palpation
- Ultrasound evaluation
10
Q
Rectal palpation: camelid
Ultrasound
A
- Rectal palpation
- >/= 35 days after breeding/ovulation
- Ultrasound
- transrectal: early as day 12-16
- transabdominal
- 60-90 days: left side
- > /= 90 days: right side
11
Q
Termination of pregnancy: camelid
A
- prostaglandins IM
- Cloprosternol (Estrumate)
- Dinoprost (Lutalyse)
- camelids more sensitive than small ruminants
12
Q
Cameiid female
infertility
A
- Uterus: segmental aplasia, double cervix, double uterus, persistent hymen
- Ovaries: hypoplasia, cystic follicles, hemorrhagic follicles, neoplasia
- bacterial endometritis, metritis, uterine fibrosis, cystic glandular distension
13
Q
Female infertility work up: camelid
A
- History, PE
- Exam of external genitalia and vestibule
- Transrectal ultrasonography-uterus & ovaries
- Vaginal examination
- Uterine culture for bacteria
- Uterine biopsy of endometrium
14
Q
Pyometra: camelid
A
- camelids usually developmental? Surgery only effective tx
15
Q
Camelid commonly isolated organisms from endometritis
A
- Strep
- E. Coli
- Shaph
- Bacillus
- Bacteroides
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
16
Q
Endometrial biopsy: camelid
A
- Endometritis: inflammation
- Periglandular fibrosis: uterine scarring
- Cystic gland distention
17
Q
Female infertility treatment
camelid
A
- Not much
- Uterine lavage
- infusion antibiotics
- systemic antibiotics
18
Q
Male camelid infertilit
Testicular abnormalities
A
19
Q
Male camelid infertility
Penile abnormalities
A
- Prepucial stricture
- persistent frenulum
- corkscrew penis
- Penile deviation
- Balanitis, posthitis
20
Q
Embryonic fetal loss in camelids
A
- < 90 GD
- significant pregnancy loss in camelids
21
Q
Embryonic fetal loss in camelids
Non-infectious
A
- Twins
- Nutrition
- Pine needles
- Stress
22
Q
Embryonic and fetal loss
Infectious cause
A
- Most common: Ascending placentitis (like in horse)
23
Q
Periparturient camelid probs
Uterine torsion
A
- uterine torsion after 9th month of gestation
- Clinical signs
- dramatic
- DX: vag speculum/palpation: broad ligaments crossing
- TX: sedate and roll animal around uterus: roll in direction of torsion
24
Q
Summary: Camelids
A
- Pregnancy can be dx w/trans-rectal ultrasonography 12-16 days after breeding
- uterine torsion can happen => address immediately
- Most common cause of dystocia: lateral flexion of the head
