Pregnancy Diagnosis and gestational problems (Galvao)

Question 1

Confirmation of pregnancy

Direct

Answer 1

• Palpation per rectum (4 positive signs)
  
  1. membrande slip => chorioallantoic membrane
  2. amniotic vesicle
  3. fetus
  4. placentomes
• Ballottement (dribbles the fetus)
• Ultrasound

Question 2

Confirmation of pregnancy

Indirect (presumptive)

Answer 2

• History: non-return to estrus
• Physical changes: mammary development
• Endocrine changes
• Palpation per rectum
  
  • assymetry
  • fluctuance
  • fremitus

Question 3

Pyometra more common in _____

Answer 3

Cows

Question 4

Hydrometra more common in _____

Answer 4

Goats

Question 5

Difference between embryo and fetus

Answer 5

Organogenesis

Question 6

Definition of a fetus

Answer 6

An ebryo at the completion of organogenesis

At 40 days (I think)

Question 7

Placentome

Answer 7

Caruncles + Cotyledon

Question 8

Cotyledon

Answer 8

Fetal side of placenta

Question 9

Caruncle

Answer 9

maternal side of the placenta

Question 10

early detection of criteria

1. Fluctuation
2. Membrane slip
3. Amniotic vesicle
4. Fetus
5. Placentomes
6. Fremitus

Answer 10

1. Fluctuation > 30 d
2. Membrane slip > 30 d
3. Amniotic vesicle 35-65 d
4. Fetus > 65 d
5. Placentomes > 3 mo
6. Fremitus > 3.5 mo

Question 11

Artery used to detect Fremetous for indirect preg dx

Answer 11

1. Common iliac artery
2. Ovarian artery
3. External iliac artery
4. Uterine artery => this is the one, gotta dig through tissue and grab it, freely moveable
5. Internal iliac artery

Question 12

Amniotic vesicle

gestation day and width

Answer 12

• 30 days => 1/2 finger
• 40 days => 1 finger
• 50 days => 3 fingers
• 60 days => 4 fingers

Question 13

Aging of fetuses

Answer 13

• 60 days => mouse
• 90 days => rat
• 120 days => small cat
• 150 days => large cat
• 180 days => beagle
• 210 days => German shepherd

Question 14

Ultrasonography

Answer 14

• heart beat
• Less traumatic
• detect gestational problems
• dx fetal death
• fetal sexing: genital tuburcle location

Question 15

Twins in the same horn

Answer 15

• 50 % chance of losing the pregnancy

Question 16

Genital tubercle

Answer 16

• If male: close to umbilicus
• If female: further back closer to hind legs

Question 17

Pyometra on ultrasound

Answer 17

• Shades of gray (some are more homogenous than others)

Question 18

Gestation Problems

Answer 18

• Fetal mummification
• Fetal maceration
• Fetal Dropsy
  
  • Hydrops allantois
  • Hydrops amnii
• Uterine torsion
• Prolapse uterus/vagina
• Fetal anomalies

Question 19

Fetal mummification

Answer 19

• Fetus dessicated
• Sterile
• Fluid resorbed
• C-section to remove
  
  • can try prostaglandin first
  • cervix probably won’t dilate enough

Question 20

Fetal Maceration

Answer 20

• Truperella pyogenes
• Fetus macerated
  
  • only crepitis bones left

Question 21

Fetal Dropsy

Answer 21

• Apple vs Pear

Question 22

Uterine torsion

Answer 22

• Roll cow in the correct direction to unwind torsion

Question 23

Vaginal prolapse

Answer 23

• put back
• uterine stitch

*vaginal + rectal prolapse => cull the cow

Question 24

Fetal abnormalities

Answer 24

• Ascites => easy fix
  
  • can pass tube to remove fluid
  • can cut open abdomen to remove fluid
• Schistosomus reflexus => looks like visceral on outside….
  
  • Fetotamy
  • c-section
• Perosomus elumbus
  
  • fetotamy
  • c-section

Question 25

Study Guide

Answer 25

1. Know definitive and presumptive signs of pregnancy.
2. Know earliest time you can detect the different criteria to determine pregnancy
   
   • membrane slip
   • fetus…etc
3. Know the earliest time you can perform different methods of pregnancy diagnosis
   
   • ultrasound
   • ballottement….etc
4. Know size of amniotic vesicle and fetus at different stages of gestation
5. Know advantages and disadvantages of US.