Small Ruminant Theriogenology (Pozor) Flashcards
1
Q
Puberty
Sheep / Goats
A
- Sheep
- Ram => 6 months
- Ewe => 5-7 months
- Goat
- Buck => 6 months
- Pigmey: 2-3 months
- Doe => 5-7 months
2
Q
First Breeding
Sheep / Goat
A
- Sheep
- 6-8 months
- 60-70% of mature bw
- Goat
- 6-8 months
- 60-70% of mature bw
3
Q
Length of estrous cycle
Sheep / Goat
A
- Sheep => 17 days
- Goat => 21 days
4
Q
Duration of estrus
Sheep / Goat
A
- Sheep => 24-36 hours
- Goat => 12-36 hours
5
Q
Time of ovulation
Sheep / Goat
A
- Sheep
- 24-30 hours from onset of estrus
- Goat
- 30-36 hours from onset of estrus
6
Q
Optimal breeding
Sheep / Goat
A
- Sheep => towards end of estrus
- Goat => At acceptance of buck
- 24 hours
- again at 12 hours
7
Q
Sheep and Goats are _____ day breeders
A
- Short
- Transitional => Ovulatory => Anovulatory
8
Q
Breeding management
A
- 3 pregnancies in 2 years
- synchronization of estrus during ovulatory season
- Increasing crop of twins
9
Q
Induction of estrus during transition / anovulatory season
A
- Progestagen / progesterone impregnated vaginal devices
- mimic corpus luteum function
- eCG (PMSG) injection recommended => follicle stimulation and ovulation
- gonadotropin
- Ram effect
- Melatonin => works like darkness
- Manipulating exposure to daylight
10
Q
impregnated vagina devices
A
- Eazi-Breed CIDR
- medical silicone elastomer over a nylon core impregnated with natural progesterone
- approved by FDA for usein sheep
-
Sponges with progestagens
- not FDA approved in US
11
Q
Breeding schedule with progesterone device
Ewe
A
- Day 0
- CIDR insertion
- Day 12-14
- CIDR removal
- eCG injection (or PGF2alpha injection)
55 hours later
- Day 17
- AI or mating
OR
- Day 0
- CIDR insertion
- Day 14
- CIDR removal and eCG injection
- 50 hours after removal
- AI or mating 1
- 60 hours after CIDR removal
- AI or mating 2
12
Q
Breeding schedule
Goat
A
- Day 0
- CIDR / sponge insertion
- Day 9
- Prostaglandin injection
- eCG injection
- Day 11
- CIDR removal
- Day 13 (44 hours after CIDR removal)
- AI or mating
OR
- Day 0
- CIDR insertion
- Day 9
- eCG injection
- Day 11
- CIDR removal
- 30 hours after CIDR removal
- AI or mating 1
- 48 hours after CIDR removal
- AI or mating 2
13
Q
Melatonin - Sheep
A
- Mimics darkness
- Advances breeding season by 4 weeks
- Implant or feed
- Rams introduced 35 days later
- Breeding 15-20 days after rams introduced
14
Q
Light control protocol
A
- 8-12 weeks of ‘long days’ (16 hours of light)
- then 8-12 weeks of ‘short days’ (darkness)
- Labor intensive, not practical
15
Q
Synchronization of estrus during ovulatory season 24:42
A
- Progestagen/progesterone impregnated vaginal devices
- mimics corpus luteum function
- Prostaglandin (PGF-2 alpha)
- eCG (PMSG) injection optional
- enhances prolificacy
16
Q
Doe/Ewe Cervical anatomy
A
- Cervical rings (difficult to AI)
- Ewe: 7 rings
- Doe: 5 rings
17
Q
Natural breeding
Rams and ewes
Bucks and does
A
- Ram and ewes
- 27 days together
- Ram: ewes = 3-5/100
- Bucks and does
- 32 days together
- Bucks: does = 3/100
18
Q
AI methods
Vaginal
Cervical
Laparoscopic
A
- Vagina: 0.2-0.5 ml with 400 million sperm
- Cervical: 0.2 ml with 200 million sperm
- Trans-cervical: 0.5 ml with 200 million sperm
- Laparoscopic: 20 million sperm
19
Q
Pregnancy diagnosis
Indirect tests
A
- Return to estrus
- Doe: 21 d
- Sheep 17 d
- Progesterone > 1ng/ml
- Doe: CL throughout
- Ewe: Luteo-placental shift at d50
20
Q
Pregnancy diagnosis
Direct tests
A
- Ultrasound
- transrectal: GD 17-60
- transabdominal: GD 26 -term
- cotyledons
- fetus
- Radiography
- Possible > GD 58
- Best > GD 90
- Number of fetuses (count skulls)
- Ballottement: > GD 100
21
Q
Pregnancy Diagnosis Biomarkers
A
-
BioPRYN
- Pregnancy B specific protein
- > GD 30
- Estrone sulfate
- urine/serum
- > GD 60
- Placental lactogene
- > GD 60
22
Q
Induction of parturition
Ewes
A
- Gestation length: 148 days
- CL dependent up to 55-60 GD
- Placenta progestagens > 60 GD
- Induction
- > 142 GD - Glucocorticoids
- Dexamethasone at 15-20 mg IM
- Parturition 36-48 hrs later
23
Q
Induction of Parturition
Does
A
- 140-143 GD : Glucocorticoids
- Inconsisten timing
- Dexamethasone
- > 144 GD : Prostaglandins - IM
- Cloprostenol
- Dinoprost
- Parturition: 42-72 hrs later
- Combo (dex first, PGF 24 hrs later)
- parturition 32-36 hours later
24
Q
Summary of small rum preg
A
- short day breeders
- Programs allow out-of-season breeding
- synchronization methods for estrus
- Natural methods and AI used
- Ultrasonography most common and accurate for preg dx
25
Epididymitis
Lambs and rams
* Major cause reduced fertility in rams (not as much bucks)
* Etiology
* Opportunistic bacteria (lamb epididymitis)
* Brucella ovis (ram epididymitis)
* Symptoms
* enlarged, painful scrotum
* poor semen quality
* subfertility
26
Lamb epididymitis
Etiology
Clinical Signs
* Ram producing flocks (breeding stock)
* 4-12 months old
* Ascending opportunistic infection (not systemic)
* actinobaccillus seminis
* histophilus somni
* Clinical signs
* enlarged painful scrotum
27
Lamb epididymitis
DX
TX
Prevention
* Dx
* scrotal palpation
* leukocytes in semen
* TX
* poor prognosis
* cull
* Prevention
* Separation ram lambs from adults
* Periodic scrotal exam (monthly)
* Tetracyclines in feed (Ummm...can we not?!)
28
Ram epididymitis
Transmission
Shedding
losses
* Brucella ovis
* Transmission
* Oral, conjunctival
* Venereal: homosexual activity, breeding
* Shedding
* semen
* urine
* Decreased fertility (20% reproductive losses)
29
Ram epididymitis
Dx
* Palpation 30-45 d post infection
* unilateral
* acute: swollen, tender, hot
* chronic: large, firm, testicular atrophy
* Semen: detached heads, WBCs
* **Serum ELISA: used as screening tool**
* reasonably sensitive
* fails in approx 5% of infected carrier rams
* Semen culture
30
Ram epididymitis
Control
* Reportable in some states
* No vaccine
31
Balanoposthitis (pizzle rot, enzootic posthitis)
Etiology
Clinical Signs
* Etiology
* more frequent in sheep
* corynebacterium renale: urease breaks down urea =\> ammonia
* castration
* high protein diet
* Clincal signs
* Skin irritation Ulcerations
* necrosis of penis and sheath
32
Balanoposthitis
Treatment
Prevention
* Treatment
* debridement w/ dilute H2O2, antibiotic ointments
* clean bedding
* Prevention
* dietary restrictions (\< 16 % protein)
* antisepstic treatment
* synthetic testosterone implants
* induced cryptorchidism (wtf...?)
33
False pregnancy: Goats
Etiology
* Hydrometra
* mucometra
* cloudburt
Etiology: unsure
* Persistent CL
* Hormonal Tx
* Early fetal loss
34
False pregnancy: Goats
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
* Clinical signs
* absence cyclicity
* abdominal enlargement
* DX
* elevated P4 but no pregnancy
* BioPRYN/Estrogen Sulfate - **negative**
* Transabdominal ultrasound exam
* fluid filled uterus
* no fetus, no caruncles (\> D40)
35
False pregnancy: Goats
Treatment
* Spontaneous resolution
* Treatment
* Prostaglandins: opens cervix
* verify lack of pregnancy
* 2 doses 14 days apart
* emptying of uterus in 1-4 days
* Oxytocin if retention of uterine fluid
36
Periparturient problems
* Pregnancy toxemia
* Vaginal prolapse
* Hypocalcemia
* Ringwomb
* Dystocia
* Retained placenta
37
**Pregnancy Toxemia**
* Negative energy balance
* Primary
* Triplets, quadruplest
* fat animals
* Secondary (other dz causing anorexia)
* lameness
* broken mouth
\*fat as energy source =\> impaired liver function =\> ketone bodies =\> toxic byproducts
38
Pregnancy Toxemia
Clinical Signs
* no appetite
* depression/lethargy
* muscular imbalance
* grinding teeth
* sweet/foul-smelling breath
* death
39
Pregnancy toxemia
Diagnosis
* History and clinical signs
* Laboratory tests
* Ketonuria
* Acidosis
* Dehydration
* Hepatic or liver failure
40
Pregnancy Toxemia
Treatment
Prevention
* PO propylene glycol
* IV glucose - dextrose
* insulin
* B vitamins
* Induction of labor or C-section
Prevention
* good feeding and management
41
Vaginal prolapse
Etiology
Treatment
* Etiology
* Late gestation
* Rising estrogens
* high likelihood of recurrence
* cull affected animals
* Treatment
* caudal epidural anesthesia
* Clean reduce (put plastic bag over before reducing)
* antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis
42
Vaginal prolapse
Retention
* Retention devices
* **Ewe saver**
* harnesses
* Buhner suture
* Prolapse pin
43
Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Clinical signs
* Etiology
* late gestation
* Heavily lactating
* Forced exercise (sheep)
* Clinical signs
* recumbency
* dyspnea
44
Hypocalcemia
Diagnosis
Treatment
* Diagnosis
* History and clnical signs
* **lab tests** - **hypocalcemia**
* Treatment
* Calcium borogluconate IV slowly (or SC)
45
Ringwomb
* Failure of cervical dilation
* Cause - unknown
* Hereditary component
Management
* C-section
* Culling affected females
46
Dystocia - when to intervene
* 30-30-30 rule
* Be clean, gentle, lots of lube
* Wash perineum with soap and water
47
Dystocia
Position
Tools
Technique
* Position
* Head =\> lateral flexion
* Forelimb =\> carpal flexion or elbow flexion
* Tools
* snare
* Pull down at about 45 deg, can try to stretch/protect vulva
48
Retained fetal membranes
* Not really a problem
* retained \> 12 hours
* Can give prostaglandin
49
Abortion
Zoonotic infectious agents
* Toxoplasmosis
* Enzootic Abortion
* Vibriosis
* Q fever
* Listeriosis
* Brucellosis
* Leptospirosis
* Salmonellosis
50
Abortion
Infectious NONZOONOTIC agents
* Neospora canis
* Bluetonge virus
* Border disease
* Cache valley disease
* Endotoxin
51
Abortion
Non-infectious
* Stress
* Trauma
* Hyperthermia
* Plants
* Hybrids
52
Abortion diagnostics
1. Thorough history
2. Maternal serum and whole blood
3. Entrie fetus, if small
4. Fresh and formalin perserved samples of fetal organs
5. Placenta
6. Fetal heart blood
7. Fetal abomasal contents
1. sterile source of amniotic fluid (can be hard to obtain)
53
Toxoplasmosis
Etiology
DX
TX
**NAVLE Q**
* Etiology: Toxoplasma gondii
* Clinical signs
* fetal resorption, still births, weak lambs; abortion approx 20% pop
* Diagnosis
* **Gross exam: white necrotic foci in cotyledons NAVLE**
* Intercodyledonary space - normal
* Histopath
* Serology
* TX
* none
* control cat pop
54
Enzootic abortion of ewes
Etiology
Clinical signs
DX
* Etiology: **chlamydophila abortus**
* Clinical signs: like toxoplasmosis
* fetal resorption, still births, weak lambs; abortion approx 20% pop
* DX
* Gross exam: cotyledons and intercodyledonary space thickening and necrosis
* aborted fetuses: SQ patechia, congested livers with focal necrosis (white spots), enlarged lymph nodes
* Culture
55
Enzootic abortion of Ewes
General
1. **reportable disease**
2. latent carriers may continue to shed during estrus
3. immunity for ~3 years
4. Venereal to rams
5. Hygiene important
6. vaccines reduce abortions
56
Campylobacteriosis:*Vibriosis*
Etiology
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
* Etiology:
* **Campylobacter jejuni**
* **Campylobacter fetus**
* Clinical signs
1. late abortions, premature births, still births, weak lambs
2. **abortion storms** (\> 70% abortion rate)
3. Ewe: metritis and placentitis
* Diagnosis
* fetus: necrotic areas of liver
* culture fetal stomach contents/cotyledons
57
Campylobacteriosis
TX
Shedding
Prevention
* Treatment
* systemic antibiotics: long acting oxytetracycline
* infected ewes recover and are immune
* Persistently infected animals may shed org in feces
* Some people profilactically put tetracyclines in feed
* Vaccination is effective
58
Viral Organisms (not on test)
1. Blue tonge virus
2. Border disease
3. Cache Valley virus
4. Akbane Virus
1. Blue tongue virus
* hydranencephaly
2. Border disease (sheep)
* hairy fleece
* cerebellar hypoplasia
* hydranencephaly
3. Cache Valley virus (sheep)
* Hydranencephaly
* anthrogryposis
* hypoplastic cord
4. Akbane virus (goats and sheep)
* arthrogryposis
59
Plant toxicities
1. Veratrum californicum
2. Locoweed, Lupine & Sudan
1. Veratrum californicum
* Cyclopia
* Hypoplasia of metacarpal, metatarsal bones
* Long gestation
* Cleft palate
2. Locoweed, Lupine & Sudan
* Arthrogryposis
60
Summary of preg probs
1. Male fertility
2. Pseudopregnancy differentiate from actual pregnancy
* diagnosis and treatment
* pregnancy tox dx and tx
3. Periparturient problems
4. infectious abortions and zoonoses
* send to good lab
61
