Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therio final > Small Ruminant Theriogenology (Pozor) > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Theriogenology (Pozor) Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

Sheep / Goats

A
  • Sheep
    • Ram => 6 months
    • Ewe => 5-7 months
  • Goat
    • Buck => 6 months
    • Pigmey: 2-3 months
    • Doe => 5-7 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

First Breeding

Sheep / Goat

A
  • Sheep
    • 6-8 months
    • 60-70% of mature bw
  • Goat
    • 6-8 months
    • 60-70% of mature bw
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Length of estrous cycle

Sheep / Goat

A
  • Sheep => 17 days
  • Goat => 21 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Duration of estrus

Sheep / Goat

A
  • Sheep => 24-36 hours
  • Goat => 12-36 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Time of ovulation

Sheep / Goat

A
  • Sheep
    • 24-30 hours from onset of estrus
  • Goat
    • 30-36 hours from onset of estrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Optimal breeding

Sheep / Goat

A
  • Sheep => towards end of estrus
  • Goat => At acceptance of buck
    • 24 hours
    • again at 12 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sheep and Goats are _____ day breeders

A
  • Short
  • Transitional => Ovulatory => Anovulatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Breeding management

A
  • 3 pregnancies in 2 years
    • synchronization of estrus during ovulatory season
  • Increasing crop of twins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Induction of estrus during transition / anovulatory season

A
  • Progestagen / progesterone impregnated vaginal devices
    • mimic corpus luteum function
    • eCG (PMSG) injection recommended => follicle stimulation and ovulation
      • gonadotropin
  • Ram effect
  • Melatonin => works like darkness
  • Manipulating exposure to daylight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

impregnated vagina devices

A
  • Eazi-Breed CIDR
    • medical silicone elastomer over a nylon core impregnated with natural progesterone
    • approved by FDA for usein sheep
  • Sponges with progestagens
    • not FDA approved in US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Breeding schedule with progesterone device

Ewe

A
  • Day 0
    • CIDR insertion
  • Day 12-14
    • CIDR removal
    • eCG injection (or PGF2alpha injection)

55 hours later

  • Day 17
    • AI or mating

OR

  • Day 0
    • CIDR insertion
  • Day 14
    • CIDR removal and eCG injection
  • 50 hours after removal
    • AI or mating 1
  • 60 hours after CIDR removal
    • AI or mating 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Breeding schedule

Goat

A
  • Day 0
    • CIDR / sponge insertion
  • Day 9
    • Prostaglandin injection
    • eCG injection
  • Day 11
    • CIDR removal
  • Day 13 (44 hours after CIDR removal)
    • AI or mating

OR

  • Day 0
    • CIDR insertion
  • Day 9
    • eCG injection
  • Day 11
    • CIDR removal
  • 30 hours after CIDR removal
    • AI or mating 1
  • 48 hours after CIDR removal
    • AI or mating 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Melatonin - Sheep

A
  • Mimics darkness
  • Advances breeding season by 4 weeks
  • Implant or feed
  • Rams introduced 35 days later
  • Breeding 15-20 days after rams introduced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Light control protocol

A
  • 8-12 weeks of ‘long days’ (16 hours of light)
  • then 8-12 weeks of ‘short days’ (darkness)
  • Labor intensive, not practical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synchronization of estrus during ovulatory season 24:42

A
  1. Progestagen/progesterone impregnated vaginal devices
    • mimics corpus luteum function
  2. Prostaglandin (PGF-2 alpha)
  3. eCG (PMSG) injection optional
    • enhances prolificacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Doe/Ewe Cervical anatomy

A
  • Cervical rings (difficult to AI)
  • Ewe: 7 rings
  • Doe: 5 rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural breeding

Rams and ewes

Bucks and does

A
  • Ram and ewes
    • 27 days together
    • Ram: ewes = 3-5/100
  • Bucks and does
    • 32 days together
    • Bucks: does = 3/100
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

AI methods

Vaginal

Cervical

Laparoscopic

A
  • Vagina: 0.2-0.5 ml with 400 million sperm
  • Cervical: 0.2 ml with 200 million sperm
  • Trans-cervical: 0.5 ml with 200 million sperm
  • Laparoscopic: 20 million sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

Indirect tests

A
  • Return to estrus
    • Doe: 21 d
    • Sheep 17 d
  • Progesterone > 1ng/ml
    • Doe: CL throughout
    • Ewe: Luteo-placental shift at d50
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis

Direct tests

A
  • Ultrasound
    • transrectal: GD 17-60
    • transabdominal: GD 26 -term
      • cotyledons
      • fetus
  • Radiography
    • Possible > GD 58
    • Best > GD 90
    • Number of fetuses (count skulls)
  • Ballottement: > GD 100
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pregnancy Diagnosis Biomarkers

A
  • BioPRYN
    • Pregnancy B specific protein
    • > GD 30
  • Estrone sulfate
    • urine/serum
    • > GD 60
  • Placental lactogene
    • > GD 60
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Induction of parturition

Ewes

A
  • Gestation length: 148 days
  • CL dependent up to 55-60 GD
  • Placenta progestagens > 60 GD
  • Induction
    • > 142 GD - Glucocorticoids
    • Dexamethasone at 15-20 mg IM
    • Parturition 36-48 hrs later
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Induction of Parturition

Does

A
  • 140-143 GD : Glucocorticoids
    • Inconsisten timing
    • Dexamethasone
  • > 144 GD : Prostaglandins - IM
    • Cloprostenol
    • Dinoprost
    • Parturition: 42-72 hrs later
  • Combo (dex first, PGF 24 hrs later)
    • parturition 32-36 hours later
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Summary of small rum preg

A
  • short day breeders
  • Programs allow out-of-season breeding
  • synchronization methods for estrus
  • Natural methods and AI used
  • Ultrasonography most common and accurate for preg dx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epididymitis

Lambs and rams

A
  • Major cause reduced fertility in rams (not as much bucks)
  • Etiology
    • Opportunistic bacteria (lamb epididymitis)
    • Brucella ovis (ram epididymitis)
  • Symptoms
    • enlarged, painful scrotum
    • poor semen quality
    • subfertility
26
Q

Lamb epididymitis

Etiology

Clinical Signs

A
  • Ram producing flocks (breeding stock)
  • 4-12 months old
  • Ascending opportunistic infection (not systemic)
    • actinobaccillus seminis
    • histophilus somni
  • Clinical signs
    • enlarged painful scrotum
27
Q

Lamb epididymitis

DX

TX

Prevention

A
  • Dx
    • scrotal palpation
    • leukocytes in semen
  • TX
    • poor prognosis
    • cull
  • Prevention
    • Separation ram lambs from adults
    • Periodic scrotal exam (monthly)
    • Tetracyclines in feed (Ummm…can we not?!)
28
Q

Ram epididymitis

Transmission

Shedding

losses

A
  • Brucella ovis
  • Transmission
    • Oral, conjunctival
    • Venereal: homosexual activity, breeding
  • Shedding
    • semen
    • urine
  • Decreased fertility (20% reproductive losses)
29
Q

Ram epididymitis

Dx

A
  • Palpation 30-45 d post infection
    • unilateral
    • acute: swollen, tender, hot
    • chronic: large, firm, testicular atrophy
  • Semen: detached heads, WBCs
  • Serum ELISA: used as screening tool
    • reasonably sensitive
    • fails in approx 5% of infected carrier rams
  • Semen culture
30
Q

Ram epididymitis

Control

A
  • Reportable in some states
  • No vaccine
31
Q

Balanoposthitis (pizzle rot, enzootic posthitis)

Etiology

Clinical Signs

A
  • Etiology
    • more frequent in sheep
    • corynebacterium renale: urease breaks down urea => ammonia
    • castration
    • high protein diet
  • Clincal signs
    • Skin irritation Ulcerations
    • necrosis of penis and sheath
32
Q

Balanoposthitis

Treatment

Prevention

A
  • Treatment
    • debridement w/ dilute H2O2, antibiotic ointments
    • clean bedding
  • Prevention
    • dietary restrictions (< 16 % protein)
    • antisepstic treatment
    • synthetic testosterone implants
    • induced cryptorchidism (wtf…?)
33
Q

False pregnancy: Goats

Etiology

A
  • Hydrometra
  • mucometra
  • cloudburt

Etiology: unsure

  • Persistent CL
  • Hormonal Tx
  • Early fetal loss
34
Q

False pregnancy: Goats

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

A
  • Clinical signs
    • absence cyclicity
    • abdominal enlargement
  • DX
    • elevated P4 but no pregnancy
    • BioPRYN/Estrogen Sulfate - negative
    • Transabdominal ultrasound exam
      • fluid filled uterus
      • no fetus, no caruncles (> D40)
35
Q

False pregnancy: Goats

Treatment

A
  • Spontaneous resolution
  • Treatment
    • Prostaglandins: opens cervix
      • verify lack of pregnancy
      • 2 doses 14 days apart
      • emptying of uterus in 1-4 days
    • Oxytocin if retention of uterine fluid
36
Q

Periparturient problems

A
  • Pregnancy toxemia
  • Vaginal prolapse
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Ringwomb
  • Dystocia
  • Retained placenta
37
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia

A
  • Negative energy balance
  • Primary
    • Triplets, quadruplest
    • fat animals
  • Secondary (other dz causing anorexia)
    • lameness
    • broken mouth

*fat as energy source => impaired liver function => ketone bodies => toxic byproducts

38
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia

Clinical Signs

A
  • no appetite
  • depression/lethargy
  • muscular imbalance
  • grinding teeth
  • sweet/foul-smelling breath
  • death
39
Q

Pregnancy toxemia

Diagnosis

A
  • History and clinical signs
  • Laboratory tests
    • Ketonuria
    • Acidosis
    • Dehydration
    • Hepatic or liver failure
40
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia

Treatment

Prevention

A
  • PO propylene glycol
  • IV glucose - dextrose
  • insulin
  • B vitamins
  • Induction of labor or C-section

Prevention

  • good feeding and management
41
Q

Vaginal prolapse

Etiology

Treatment

A
  • Etiology
    • Late gestation
    • Rising estrogens
    • high likelihood of recurrence
      • cull affected animals
  • Treatment
    • caudal epidural anesthesia
    • Clean reduce (put plastic bag over before reducing)
    • antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis
42
Q

Vaginal prolapse

Retention

A
  • Retention devices
    • Ewe saver
    • harnesses
  • Buhner suture
  • Prolapse pin
43
Q

Hypocalcemia

Etiology

Clinical signs

A
  • Etiology
    • late gestation
    • Heavily lactating
    • Forced exercise (sheep)
  • Clinical signs
    • recumbency
    • dyspnea
44
Q

Hypocalcemia

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Diagnosis
    • History and clnical signs
    • lab tests - hypocalcemia
  • Treatment
    • Calcium borogluconate IV slowly (or SC)
45
Q

Ringwomb

A
  • Failure of cervical dilation
  • Cause - unknown
  • Hereditary component

Management

  • C-section
  • Culling affected females
46
Q

Dystocia - when to intervene

A
  • 30-30-30 rule
  • Be clean, gentle, lots of lube
  • Wash perineum with soap and water
47
Q

Dystocia

Position

Tools

Technique

A
  • Position
    • Head => lateral flexion
    • Forelimb => carpal flexion or elbow flexion
  • Tools
    • snare
  • Pull down at about 45 deg, can try to stretch/protect vulva
48
Q

Retained fetal membranes

A
  • Not really a problem
  • retained > 12 hours
  • Can give prostaglandin
49
Q

Abortion

Zoonotic infectious agents

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Enzootic Abortion
  • Vibriosis
  • Q fever
  • Listeriosis
  • Brucellosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Salmonellosis
50
Q

Abortion

Infectious NONZOONOTIC agents

A
  • Neospora canis
  • Bluetonge virus
  • Border disease
  • Cache valley disease
  • Endotoxin
51
Q

Abortion

Non-infectious

A
  • Stress
  • Trauma
  • Hyperthermia
  • Plants
  • Hybrids
52
Q

Abortion diagnostics

A
  1. Thorough history
  2. Maternal serum and whole blood
  3. Entrie fetus, if small
  4. Fresh and formalin perserved samples of fetal organs
  5. Placenta
  6. Fetal heart blood
  7. Fetal abomasal contents
    1. sterile source of amniotic fluid (can be hard to obtain)
53
Q

Toxoplasmosis

Etiology

DX

TX

NAVLE Q

A
  • Etiology: Toxoplasma gondii
  • Clinical signs
    • fetal resorption, still births, weak lambs; abortion approx 20% pop
  • Diagnosis
    • Gross exam: white necrotic foci in cotyledons NAVLE
      • Intercodyledonary space - normal
    • Histopath
    • Serology
  • TX
    • none
    • control cat pop
54
Q

Enzootic abortion of ewes

Etiology

Clinical signs

DX

A
  • Etiology: chlamydophila abortus
  • Clinical signs: like toxoplasmosis
    • fetal resorption, still births, weak lambs; abortion approx 20% pop
  • DX
    • Gross exam: cotyledons and intercodyledonary space thickening and necrosis
    • aborted fetuses: SQ patechia, congested livers with focal necrosis (white spots), enlarged lymph nodes
    • Culture
55
Q

Enzootic abortion of Ewes

General

A
  1. reportable disease
  2. latent carriers may continue to shed during estrus
  3. immunity for ~3 years
  4. Venereal to rams
  5. Hygiene important
  6. vaccines reduce abortions
56
Q

Campylobacteriosis:Vibriosis

Etiology

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

A
  • Etiology:
    • Campylobacter jejuni
    • Campylobacter fetus
  • Clinical signs
    1. late abortions, premature births, still births, weak lambs
    2. abortion storms (> 70% abortion rate)
    3. Ewe: metritis and placentitis
  • Diagnosis
    • fetus: necrotic areas of liver
    • culture fetal stomach contents/cotyledons
57
Q

Campylobacteriosis

TX

Shedding

Prevention

A
  • Treatment
    • systemic antibiotics: long acting oxytetracycline
    • infected ewes recover and are immune
  • Persistently infected animals may shed org in feces
  • Some people profilactically put tetracyclines in feed
  • Vaccination is effective
58
Q

Viral Organisms (not on test)

  1. Blue tonge virus
  2. Border disease
  3. Cache Valley virus
  4. Akbane Virus
A
  1. Blue tongue virus
    • hydranencephaly
  2. Border disease (sheep)
    • hairy fleece
    • cerebellar hypoplasia
    • hydranencephaly
  3. Cache Valley virus (sheep)
    • Hydranencephaly
    • anthrogryposis
    • hypoplastic cord
  4. Akbane virus (goats and sheep)
    • arthrogryposis
59
Q

Plant toxicities

  1. Veratrum californicum
  2. Locoweed, Lupine & Sudan
A
  1. Veratrum californicum
    • Cyclopia
    • Hypoplasia of metacarpal, metatarsal bones
    • Long gestation
    • Cleft palate
  2. Locoweed, Lupine & Sudan
    • Arthrogryposis
60
Q

Summary of preg probs

A
  1. Male fertility
  2. Pseudopregnancy differentiate from actual pregnancy
    • diagnosis and treatment
    • pregnancy tox dx and tx
  3. Periparturient problems
  4. infectious abortions and zoonoses
    • send to good lab
61
Q
A

Therio final (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions