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Therio final > Bovine Abortion (Galvao) > Flashcards

Bovine Abortion (Galvao) Flashcards

1
Q

Abortion: def in cows

A
  • loss of fetus between 42-260 days of gestation
    • earlier than 42 days is embryonic loss
    • after 260 days calves can usually survive: born dead: still born
  • normal gestation length: 280 days
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2
Q

Incidence of abortion in cattle

A
  • 10-15 % => dairy cattle
    • high incidence of dz
  • 2.5-5 % => beef cattle
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3
Q

Etiology non-infection abortion in cattle

A
  • Drugs
  • VItamin, macro or micronutrient deficiency
  • Toxic plants or substances
  • Elevated temperature
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4
Q

2 main virus causes abortion in cattle

A
  1. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR)
    • aka: herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)
  2. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVD)
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5
Q

IBR

about

A
  • incidence has decreased: vaccination
  • manifestations
    • respiratory, abortion, vaginitis/balanophosthititis, neonat septicemia
  • abortions after 4 months gestation
  • fetuses retained 48-72 h - autolyzed
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6
Q

IBR

Diagnosis

A
  • Microscopic
    • focal necrosis in liver
    • intranuclear inclusion bodies
  • serology - paired samples 2-3 weeks apart
    • 4-fold increase in titers suggest infection
  • virus isolation from placenta
  • virust identification - FAT
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7
Q

Vaccination IBR

A
  • As calves: 4-6 months of age
  • 3-4 weeks prior to breeding
  • types
    • modified live
      • vaccine can cause abortion w/o prev vacc w/in past 12 months
      • revaccinate every year
    • Killed
      • safe in pregnant cows
      • require booster
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8
Q

BVD

A
  • Pest virus
    • More imp for beef cattle…
    • Two genotypes: type 1 and 2 (make sure vaccine has both)
      • ​two biotypes:
        • cytopathic = death
        • non-cytopathic = persistently infected calves
    • Disease
      • GI: mucosal
      • Repro: infertility, mummification, abortion, stillbirth, weak calves
      • Congenital: brain, eyes, skin, joints
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9
Q

BVD

diagnosis

A
  • Persistently virus proteins recognized as self (1:25:04)
  • Dx
    • Virus isolation from whole blood
    • Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, PCR
      • snip of the ear
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10
Q

BVD control

A
  • ID and eliminate PI calves
  • Vaccinate 4-6 months old and 3-4 weeks prior to breeding
    • modified live
      • revaccinate every year
      • not in preggos that haven’t had vaccine w/in last 12 months
    • killed
      • safe in pregnant cows
      • Requires booster
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11
Q

Common Bacterial causes bovine abortion

A
  1. Leptospira spp
    • main cause dairy
  2. Campylobacter spp
    • main cause beef (or dairy that uses natural breeding)
  3. Brucella abortus = eliminated from
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12
Q

Leptospirosis

A
  • Spirochete (zoonotic)
  • Leptospira spp.
    • Interrogans
    • Borgpetersenii
    • Kirschneri
  • ​TX: urine, products of abortion
  • Invasive via mucous membranes
    • Incubation of 4-10 days
    • Bacteremia 2-6 weeks
    • Leptospiruria 2-6 months
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13
Q

Leptospirosis species and serovars

A
  • interrogans
    • Pomona; common incidental
    • Hardjo (maintenance)
    • bratislava
    • canicola
    • icterohaemorrhagiae
  • Borgpetersenii
    • Hardjo (maintenance) - subtypes hardjo-bovis (US)
  • Kirschneri
    • grippotyphosa
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14
Q

Maintenance vs Incidental Serovars

A
  • maintenance
    • infected with a host adapted serovar - endemic infection
    • persistent / carrier
    • asymptomatic
    • high susceptibility
  • Incidental
    • high doses for infection
    • Acute form of disease
    • have leptospiruria for short time
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15
Q

Clinical Signs maintenance vs incidental

A
  • Chronic: Maintenance Serovars
    • Infertility
    • Abortion
    • Agalactae
    • Mastitis
  • Acute: Incidental Serovars
    • Hemoglobinuria
    • Fever
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Jaundice Nephrosis
    • Agalactea
    • Mastitis
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16
Q

Abortion in Cattle

A
  • L. borgpetersenii - hardjo - bovis
17
Q

Leptospirosis DX

A
  • Serology
    • MAT: specific but not sensitive
  • FAT in urin - specific and sensitive
  • Culture
  • PCR
  • Silver staining
18
Q

Leptospirosis Control

A
  • Vaccination
    • start with calves 4-6 mo
    • then 2 x a year
    • commercial vaccines: serovar hardjo-prajitno and/or hardjo-bovis
  • Environmental Management
  • Wildlife: skunks, opposum
  • Treat heifers with OTC before breeding and cows at dry-off
19
Q

Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

A
  • Insideous venereal dz of cattle
    • infertility
    • occasionally abortion
  • Species
    • campylobactor fetus ssp fetus
    • campylobactor fetus ssp venerealis
20
Q

Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

Clinical signs

A
  • Cows: prolonged estrous cycle
  • Herd: low preg rates
  • Transmitted during coitus
    • causes endometritis incompatible with embryo development (EED)
    • extended estrous cycle
  • Abortion 5% due to placentitis
    • 4-6 months
21
Q

Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

DX

A
  • Herd history
  • Antibodies in cervical mucus
  • Direct culture
    • Clark’s media for transport
    • Skirrow’s for culture
22
Q

Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis)

Control

A
  • Vaccination
    • effective for 4 months
  • Changes in breeding management
    • use young bulls
    • check during BSE
      • usually scrape for: tritichomonus and campy
    • Change to AI
23
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Tritrichomonas foetus
    • beef cattle
  • Neospora caninun
  • Sarcosystis spp
  • Toxoplasma gondii
24
Q

Trichomoniasis

Clinical Signs

DX

A
  • Clinical signs
    • similar to vibriosis
    • post coital pyometra
    • abortion first half of gestation
  • Diagnosis
    • swab from bull prepuce
    • pyometra fluid
    • modified diamonds media
25
Q

Trichomoniasis

Control

A
  • Changes in breeding managment
    • use young bulls
    • check bulls during BSE - eliminate positives
    • Change to AI
  • no vaccine
26
Q

Neosporosis

A
  • Major cause of abortion in dairy cows
  • Dogs/coyotes definitiv host
  • Abortion in early second trimester
  • Vertical transmission from dam to fetus (70%)
  • Specific lesions (cysts) in heart and brain of fetus
  • Vaccine with questionable efficacy
27
Q

Mycotic abortions

A
  • Thickened and leathery cotyledon
  • Fetal skin lesions (20% of cases)
  • Non infectious
    • chromosomal abnormalities
    • Drugs
    • Nutritional
    • Endotoxin
    • Heat stress
28
Q

Toxic plants

Other toxins

A
  • Toxic plants
    • Ponderosa pine
    • Locoweed
    • Broomweed/snakeweed
    • Moldy sweet clover
  • Other toxins
    • Coumarin => rat poison
    • Mycotoxins
    • Nitrates
29
Q

Investigation of abortion problems

A
  • Complete history - vaccination
  • Percentage of animal abortion
  • Stage of gestation
  • Categories of animals
  • Collect fetuses and placentas for necropsy
    • submit samples to good lab
    • contact lab for advice
30
Q

Study key

A
  1. know epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnosis for
    1. IBR
    2. BVD
    3. Lepto
    4. Vibrio
    5. Trich
    6. Neospora
  2. Be familiar with non-infectious causes of abortion

Therio final (10 decks)

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