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Therio final > Canine ovulation timing/breeding management (Kelleman) > Flashcards

Canine ovulation timing/breeding management (Kelleman) Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of infertility in dogs

A

Breeding at the wrong time

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2
Q

In ‘heat’ ‘season’

A
  • Combo of estrus and proestrus
  • vulvar d/c seen
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3
Q

Canine estrous cycle

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Diestrus / Metestrus
    • progesterone dominated
  • Anestrus
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4
Q

Hormones

  • LH
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
A
  • LH => ovulation
  • Progesterone => prod in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches
  • Estrogen
    • vaginal lining epithelial cells and wall thickness => kills the epith cells
    • behavoir and physical signs
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5
Q

Events of canine estrous cycle described by

A
  • Behavior
    • tail flagging (horses don’t flag)
  • Vaginal cytology
  • Endocrinology
  • Anatomy
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6
Q

Vaginal Cytology

A
  • bioassay for estrogen
  • not for ovulation timin
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7
Q

Cornification

A
  • epithelial cell death from tissue thickening due to estrogen
  • process
    • parabasal cells (healthy)
      • proestrus
    • Intermediate cells
      • proesturs
    • superficial cells - pyknotic nucleus (cornified)
      • ​estrus
    • anuclear squamous - corn flake (cornified)
      • ​estrus
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8
Q

Progesterone

A
  • estimate LH peak (ovulation)
  • low concentrations - anestrus to early estrus
  • 2-2.9 = LH peak (breed 4 & 6 days later)
  • 4-10 = ovluation
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9
Q

2-2-2-2 rule

A
  • 2 ng/ml progesterone = LH peak
  • 2 days later bitch ovulates
  • 2 days later breed bitch
    • gives primary oocyte time to develope into secondary oocyte
  • 2 days later breed a second time
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10
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • LH peak
  • abrupt and short
  • assumed 24 h, can be less, can be 48
  • Ovulation occurs 24-48 hours later
  • Can miss LH peak if run too late
  • Used with P4 testing
  • Expensive
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11
Q

Life of oocyte

A
  • 12-24 hrs
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12
Q

TCI

A
  • Endoscopic Trancervical Insemination
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13
Q

Interuterine deposition

A
  • Considered unethical some places, gold standard other places
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14
Q

Insemination dose (32:29)

Standard AI

Intra-uterine insemination

A
  • Starndard vaginal AI
    • deposited in vagina (250 million PMMN/ 150 million motile minimum)
  • Intra uterine insemination
    • helps with poor quality semen (100 million PMMN minimum)
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15
Q

Diestrus and cytology

A
  • Abrupt change to NON-corniication
  • Excellent for timing of parturition
  • 57 +/- 1 day from onset of cytological diestrus
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16
Q

Legth of Gestation

A
  • 57 +/- 1 day from cytological diestrus
  • 65 +/- 1 day from LH peak
  • 57-72 days from one random breeding (close to diestrus shorter number)
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17
Q

Timing a Bit’s season

A
  • First Exam Early
    • PE, Vag cytology, digital exam +/- vaginoscopy, brucellosis, parasitology
    • P4 based on cytology and big picture
  • Recheck every 2-3 days: P4 & vaginal cytology
    • P4 approaches 2ng/ml
    • LH can be evaluated
  • P4 checked after expected ovulation to verify
  • Floow vaginal cytology for daily diestrus
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18
Q

Synonym for cornified

A

Superficial

anuclear

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19
Q

LH peak occurs ____ prior to cytological diestrus

A

8-9 days prior to cytological diestrus

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20
Q

Feline ovulation

A
  • Induced ovulation
  • Sufficient coital stimulation causes LH release
  • Ovulation 24-48 hours later
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21
Q

Feline mating…

A
  • Estrus averages about 8 days
  • Bring Queen to male territory for mating
    • multiple mating necessary for LH surge
    • Begin mating on estrus days 2-4
    • Minimum 3 times daily
    • 4 times in 2 h period, best ovulations
    • Queen’s after reaction
      • Vicious towards tom, rolls and lick perineum
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22
Q

Feline ovulation induction

A
  • hCG given day prior
  • Has LH effect
23
Q

Feline Assisted Reproduction

A
  • Possible:
    • Vaginal AI
    • Surgical AI
    • Transcervical AI
  • Anesthesia and surgical laparotomy will adversely affect ovulation
24
Q

Estrous Cycle History

A
  • Cycling, interestrous interval, # of cycles, # days of vulvar d/c, how long receptive (standing for dog)
  • Vaginal cytologies or hormone testing
  • Rx to induce estrus or ‘improve fertility’
  • Bitch family history of infertility
25
Q

Breeding History

A
  • Bitch allow stud to mount? Observed tie?
  • # breedings/cycle?
  • Choice of breeding days?
  • Stud sired litters since this bitch?
  • Inside tie vs outside tie
  • Bitch transported/travel/tranzuilization for breeding?
  • Semen type & method? AI, sx AI
26
Q

Pregnancy history

A
  • Litters, # pups, survival
  • C-sections
  • Abortion
  • Early embryonic death, ‘resorption’?
    • Timing
    • dx - ultrasound, gestational age
27
Q

Other repro hx

A
  • Previous pyo?
    • This predisposes every pregnancy to pyo
    • spay her after this litter
  • Vaginitis
  • Vulvar dermatitis
  • mismating
  • medication
    • to abort
    • to manage cycle
28
Q

Repro exam

A
  • Vulva
    • infantile, dermatitis, recessed, d/c
  • Digital vestibule/vaginal exam
  • mammary glands
  • abdominal palpation
29
Q

Should not see ____ in estrus

A
  • Neutraphils
30
Q

Vaginal stricture

A
  • do a digital exam!
    • can miss this on endoscopy
  • can cause urine polling, etc
31
Q

convergence of three tissue types in bitch repro tract

A
  • Vestibule
  • vagina
  • urogenital
32
Q

DDX of Vulvar d/c

A
  • Normal repro
  • Abnormal repro
    • pyo
    • abortion
    • metritis
  • Miscellaneous
    • neoplasm
    • foreign body
    • urovagina
33
Q

Infection?

A
  • Normal flora
    • Staph, strep, E.coli, pasteurella
    • mycoplasma & ureaplasma
  • overgrowth of one bug may play role in infertility
34
Q

Canine Herpes Virus

A
  • TX
    • venereal
    • respiratory
  • Pregnant naive bitches most at risk
    • mummies, abortions, stillborns
  • Kidney patechia on necropsy
    • other spp herpes patechia on lungs
  • Vaccine only overseas
35
Q

Brucella

A
  • Zoonotic
  • Adult dogs => can be asymptomatic
    • Abortion, infertility
    • male repro anomalies/inflammation
    • diffuse lyphadenomegaly
    • Diskospondylitis
    • Ocular lesions
    • Lameness, polyarthritis
    • Other organs
36
Q

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia

A
  • Caused by repeated estrus & diestrus
    • estrogen, then progesterone
  • Endometrial cyct formation
  • Susceptibility to infection
    • thickening & cysts
    • Progesterone immune suppression
    • pyometra => progesterone immune suppressive
37
Q

Serosal cysts

A
  • on outside of uterus
  • poor lymphatic drainage…?
38
Q

Ovarian Cysts

What do they do

Variable signs

Other abnormalities

A
  • Secretory
    • estrogen
    • progesterone
  • Variable signs
    • prolonged Estrus/anestrus
  • Other abnormalities may be present
    • granulosa cell tumor
39
Q

Follicular and luteal cysts TX

Canine/feline

A
  • Follicular
    • Try to luteinize with hCG or GnRH
    • Similar to cow, not as successful
  • Follicular or luteal
    • surgical excision
    • ovariectomy
40
Q

Granulosa Cell Tumor

A
  • Most common tumor in Dogs, horses, cows

* elevated estrogens (exogenous or endogenous) can cause

  • bone marrow suppression
  • anemia
41
Q

Cycle abnormalities

A
  • Split heat
  • Proestrus / estrus: > 8 weeks
  • Prolonged diestrus or short interestrous interval (IEI) (progesterone dominated)
  • Anestrus
42
Q

Split heat

A
  • follicular wave, atresia, new follicular wave
  • common in young bitches…NBD
43
Q

Proestrus / estrus: > 8 weeks

A
  • Prolonged diestrus or short interestrous interval (IEI) (progesterone dominated)
  • ovarian cysts secreting progesterone…?
  • reduces healing time / uterine involution between cycles
  • need minimum of 4 months IEI for uterine involution
  • TX => give drugs to suppress estrus
44
Q

Anestrus

A
  • bitch at 2 yrs old that hasn’t cycled => investigate
  • could be silent heat
  • Retrospectively check P4 monthly
  • Can do weekly cytology
45
Q

Intersex

A
  • Cockers, schnauzers, more
  • XX sex-reversal male
  • True hermaphrodites
    • ovary
    • testis
    • ovotestis
46
Q

Feline infertility

A
  • Estrous cycle issues
  • Mating issues
  • Infections
  • Anatomical
  • Chromosomal / Genetic
47
Q

Estrous cycle of the queen

48
Q

Cats can still cycle and get pregnant when _____

49
Q

Feline persistent anestrus

A
  • Seasonality & photoperiod
    • cat thinks it’s winter and not getting enough light
    • light for 14-16 hours / day => will cycle w/in 1-2 months
  • Ovarian Cysts
  • Behavoir
    • may be silent heats
50
Q

Determining presence of gonads

Feline / canine

A
  • AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone)
    • glycoprotein hormone; present all placental mammals
    • need 1 post pubertal blood sample
      • send to:
        1. NYS Dx lab Cornell
        2. UC Davis
  • P4 may also be used = indicates functional uterine tissue
51
Q

Feline spontaneous ovulation

A
  • can be frequent without mating
    • diestrus ‘pseudo-pregnant’
52
Q

Persistent Estrus

A
  • Can be normal from follicular waves
  • estrogen secreting cyst
  • exogenous estrogen
    • estrogen creams from humans
53
Q

Repro PE in cats

A
  • General
  • limited repro exam
    • always check mammary glands (tumors very aggressive)
    • Abdominal palpation
    • vulvar d/c not normal
    • vaginal cytology and cornification
54
Q

Progesterone and dx in cats

A
  • required for pregnancy
  • not proof of pregnancy
  • Diestrus - progesterone dominant

Therio final (10 decks)

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