Therapies (chapter 16) Flashcards
Treatment
Systematic steps to understanding and changing patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting when they have caused distress and dysfunction over prolonged periods.
How does Treatment Work?
- Change something in the physical and or social environment, alter the demands
- Try to enhance the person’s abilities (medication, psychotherapy)
Psychotherapy
An interactive experience with a trained professional
Goal of Psychotherapy
Understanding and changing dysfunctional habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Biomedical Therapy
The use of medications and or procedures to alter neurophysiological processes.
Goal of Biomedical Therapy
Altering neurophysiological processes are assumed to contribute to the dysfunctional habitual patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Clinical Psychologist
Have obtained PhD and can formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and severe.
BiblioTherapy
The use of self-help books and other reading materials as a form of therapy.
Community Psychology
Which focuses on identifying how individuals’ mental health is influenced by the community in which they live and emphasizes community-level variables such as social programs, support networks, and community resource centres to help those with mental illness adjust to the challenges of everyday life.
Empirically Supported Treatments
Are treatments that have been tested and evaluated using scientific methods
Deinstitutionalization
movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilities back into regular society.
Therapeutic Alliance
The relationship that emerges in therapy between the therapist and the patient
Psychiatrist
Are medical doctors who specialize in mental health and who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications.
Behavioural Therapy
Focuses on changing behaviour habits. It assumes that the cause is rooted in the reinforcement of behaviour.
Cognitive Therapies
Focuses on changing mental habits. Assumes that the cause is rooted in problematic thought patterns that affect the normal appraisal of events, not the actual events
Aversive Conditioning
Is a behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment.
Client-Centred Therapy
Focuses on individuals’ abilities to solve their problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Is a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences that may have a tendency to avoid, as in systematic desensitization
Dream Analysis
Is a method of examining the details of a dream in order to gain insight into the true meaning of the dream, the emotional, unconscious material that is being communicated symbolically.
Decentering
Which occurs when a person is able to “step back” from their normal consciousness
Free Association
During this patients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
A technique that combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive-behavioural therapy tools
Insight Therapy
Which is a general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflict
Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE)
Is a treatment that uses graphical displays to create an experience in which the patients seems to be immersed in an actual environment
Resistance
Occurs in therapy when the patient engages in strategies that keep unconscious thoughts to motivations that they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness.
Systematic Desensitization
In which gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training
Resistance
Occurs in therapy when the patient engages in strategies that keep unconscious thoughts or motivations that they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness.
Transference
Patients direct certain patterns or emotional experiences toward the analyst, rather than the original person involved in their experiences
Object Relations Therapy
A variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning
Phenomenological Approach
This means that the therapist addresses the clients feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past
Systems Approach
An orientation that encourages therapists to see an individual’s symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems
Anti-anxiety Drugs
Affect the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity.
Psychopharmacotherapy
The use of drugs to manage or reduce patients symptoms
Psychotropic Drugs
Medications designed to later psychological functioning
Blood-brain barrier
A network of tightly packed cells that allow only specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances
Antidepressant Drugs
Medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Work by deactivating monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine at the synaptic cleft on nerve cells.
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
A class of antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin.
Antipsychotic Drugs
Are generally used to treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and severely disturbed or disorganized thought
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A common psychological illness involving recurring thoughts, images, and nightmares associated with traumatic events; it induces symptoms of tension and anxiety and can seriously interfere with many aspects of a person’s life.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Is a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics
Frontal Lobotomy
Surgically severing the connections between different regions of the brain.
Atypical Antipsychotics
Second-generation antipsychotics are less likely to produce side effects, including movement disorders that commonly occur with first-generation antipsychotics.
Leucotomy
The surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex
Focal Lesions
Which are small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Involves passing an electrical current though the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Is a therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnet filed across several treatment sessions
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
A technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain
Lithium
Was one of the first mood stabilizers to be prescribed regularly in psychiatry and from the 1950s-1980s was the standard drug treatment for depressions and bipolar disorder
