Memory (Chapter 7)

Question 1

Consolidation

Answer 1

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

Question 1

Reconsolidation

Answer 1

is a process in which the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen or modfify existing long-term memories

Question 2

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
-research suggests its how we rehearse the information that counts not how long
-instead one should Think about the meaning of information

Question 3

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 3

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

Question 4

levels of processing

Answer 4

shallow processing - more superficial properties of a stimulus
deep processing - related to an items meaning of function

Question 5

self reference effort

Answer 5

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how useful it is to you

Question 6

recognition

Answer 6

identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it Is presented to you

Question 7

recall

Answer 7

retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process
-Ex short response questions

Question 8

context-dependent memory

Answer 8

retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding
-fMRI studies have found increases activity in the hippocampus and parts of the prefrontal cortex in which the memory was encoded

Question 9

limitations

Answer 9

returning a person to the context in which they encoded information can increase the number of false positives (police investigations)

Question 10

encoding specificity principle

Answer 10

retrieval is more effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

Question 11

context- dependent learning

Answer 11

retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the physical setting (context) as encoding

Question 12

State-dependent memory

Answer 12

retrieval is more effective when internal conditions match those experienced during encoding

Question 13

mood-dependent memory

Answer 13

we remember better If their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

Question 14

Does emotion improve memory?

Answer 14

study by Nelson, 2 groups remembered same percentage of words and then watched videos unrelated to list. group who watched more emotional videos recalled more words from the list.

Question 15

desirable difficulties

Answer 15

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering

Question 16

testing effect, retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, test enhanced learning

Answer 16

the finding that taking a practice teat can improve exam performance even without additional studying

Question 17

constructive memory

Answer 17

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

Question 18

infantile amnesia

Answer 18

inability to remember anything before age 3
need to develop schemas 18-24 months
self-schemas in adults links with depression

Question 19

false memory

Answer 19

remembering events that did not occur or incorrectly recalling details of an event

Question 20

the misinformation effect

Answer 20

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
Elizabeth Loftus: memories can be altered by the mere phrasing of a question
children are more likely

Question 21

eyewitnesses

Answer 21

are fallible

Question 22

recovered memories

Answer 22

freudian psychoanalysis
repression

Question 23

recovered memory controversy

Answer 23

debate over validity
Beth Rutherford

Question 24

memory

Answer 24

is a collection of several different systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time -describes encoding, storage and retrieval of learned information

Question 25

memory model

Answer 25

information flows into sensory memory then into short term where rehearsal encodes it into long-term. -memories are retrieved from long-term memory and brought into short term for further processing

Question 26

sensory memory

Answer 26

is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 27

visual form of sensory memory

Answer 27

iconic memory lasts for 1/2-1 seconds

Question 28

auditory form of sensory memory

Answer 28

echoic memory lasts 5-10 seconds

Question 29

short term memory

Answer 29

limited capacity and duration (30 seconds)

Question 30

Magical number (STM)

Answer 30

7+_ 2 - STM can only rehearse 7 units of information before forgetting something -to expand information use chuncking chuncking: organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

Question 31

long term memory

Answer 31

is a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time -has no capacity limitations all info undergo encoding will be entered into LTM -stored into different systems bases on the type of information that is stored

Question 32

declarative (LTM) memories

Answer 32

AKA explicit memories. memories we are consciously aware of -semantic and episodic semantic; effective receive of memory (knowledges and concepts) episodic; vivid memory out of context

Question 33

non declarative (LTM) memories

Answer 33

AKA implicit memories include actions or behaviors that you can remember and preform without awareness -procedural and conditioning -procedural; skills and actions conditioning; emotional

Question 34

the serial position effect

Answer 34

memory for the order is often superior at the start of the list (primacy effect) and items at the end of the list (recency effect)

Question 35

proactive interference

Answer 35

a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

Question 36

retroactive interference

Answer 36

the most recently learned information overshadows some other memories that have not yet made it into long term memory

Question 37

what results in poorer memory performance for the items in the middle of a list?

Answer 37

interferences

Question 38

rehearsal

Answer 38

repeating information until you don't have to remember it anymore

Question 38

working memory

Answer 38

a model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that temporality store small amounts of information for a shop period of time

Question 38

the phonological loop

Answer 38

storage component of working memory -relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or as auditory codes -engages portions of the brain that specializes in speech and hearing

Question 39

world-length effect

Answer 39

people remember more one syllable words than for our five

Question 39

the visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 39

storage component of working memory -maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code -keeps you up to date on where objects are around you and where you intend to go -engages part of the brain related to perception of vision and space and doesn't affect memory for sounds -items stored can be counted as shape, color and textures

Question 40

feature binding

Answer 40

the process of combining visual features into a single unit. -after visual feature binding, visuospatial memory can accurately retain four whole objects

Question 41

retrograde amnesia

Answer 41

memory of events before trauma is lost

Question 42

anterograde amnesia

Answer 42

after injury, inability to form new memories

Question 43

cross-cortical storage

Answer 43

a phenomenon where long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain rather than being localized in one region

Question 44

long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 44

an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signal between nerve cells that fire together induced by repeated and intense activation between 2 neurons

Question 45

Hebbs postulate

Answer 45

neurons that fire together, wire together

Question 46

memory at cellular level

Answer 46

following the invitation of LTP in hippocampal neurons, new dendritic spines are formed