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Psych 1000 > Memory (Chapter 7) > Flashcards

Memory (Chapter 7) Flashcards

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1
Q

Consolidation

A

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

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1
Q

Reconsolidation

A

is a process in which the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen or modfify existing long-term memories

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2
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
-research suggests its how we rehearse the information that counts not how long
-instead one should Think about the meaning of information

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3
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

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4
Q

levels of processing

A

shallow processing - more superficial properties of a stimulus
deep processing - related to an items meaning of function

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5
Q

self reference effort

A

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how useful it is to you

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6
Q

recognition

A

identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it Is presented to you

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7
Q

recall

A

retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process
-Ex short response questions

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8
Q

context-dependent memory

A

retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding
-fMRI studies have found increases activity in the hippocampus and parts of the prefrontal cortex in which the memory was encoded

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9
Q

limitations

A

returning a person to the context in which they encoded information can increase the number of false positives (police investigations)

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10
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

retrieval is more effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

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11
Q

context- dependent learning

A

retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the physical setting (context) as encoding

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12
Q

State-dependent memory

A

retrieval is more effective when internal conditions match those experienced during encoding

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13
Q

mood-dependent memory

A

we remember better If their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

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14
Q

Does emotion improve memory?

A

study by Nelson, 2 groups remembered same percentage of words and then watched videos unrelated to list. group who watched more emotional videos recalled more words from the list.

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15
Q

desirable difficulties

A

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering

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16
Q

testing effect, retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, test enhanced learning

A

the finding that taking a practice teat can improve exam performance even without additional studying

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17
Q

constructive memory

A

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

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18
Q

infantile amnesia

A

inability to remember anything before age 3
need to develop schemas 18-24 months
self-schemas in adults links with depression

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19
Q

false memory

A

remembering events that did not occur or incorrectly recalling details of an event

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20
Q

the misinformation effect

A

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
Elizabeth Loftus: memories can be altered by the mere phrasing of a question
children are more likely

21
Q

eyewitnesses

A

are fallible

22
Q

recovered memories

A

freudian psychoanalysis
repression

23
Q

recovered memory controversy

A

debate over validity
Beth Rutherford

24
Q

memory

A

is a collection of several different systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time
-describes encoding, storage and retrieval of learned information

25
Q

memory model

A

information flows into sensory memory then into short term where rehearsal encodes it into long-term.
-memories are retrieved from long-term memory and brought into short term for further processing

26
Q

sensory memory

A

is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

27
Q

visual form of sensory memory

A

iconic memory
lasts for 1/2-1 seconds

28
Q

auditory form of sensory memory

A

echoic memory lasts 5-10 seconds

29
Q

short term memory

A

limited capacity and duration (30 seconds)

30
Q

Magical number (STM)

A

7+_ 2
- STM can only rehearse 7 units of information before forgetting something
-to expand information use chuncking
chuncking: organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

31
Q

long term memory

A

is a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time
-has no capacity limitations
all info undergo encoding will be entered into LTM
-stored into different systems bases on the type of information that is stored

32
Q

declarative (LTM) memories

A

AKA explicit memories. memories we are consciously aware of
-semantic and episodic
semantic; effective receive of memory (knowledges and concepts)
episodic; vivid memory out of context

33
Q

non declarative (LTM) memories

A

AKA implicit memories include actions or behaviors that you can remember and preform without awareness
-procedural and conditioning
-procedural; skills and actions
conditioning; emotional

34
Q

the serial position effect

A

memory for the order is often superior at the start of the list (primacy effect) and items at the end of the list (recency effect)

35
Q

proactive interference

A

a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

36
Q

retroactive interference

A

the most recently learned information overshadows some other memories that have not yet made it into long term memory

37
Q

what results in poorer memory performance for the items in the middle of a list?

A

interferences

38
Q

rehearsal

A

repeating information until you don’t have to remember it anymore

38
Q

working memory

A

a model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that temporality store small amounts of information for a shop period of time

38
Q

the phonological loop

A

storage component of working memory
-relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or as auditory codes
-engages portions of the brain that specializes in speech and hearing

39
Q

world-length effect

A

people remember more one syllable words than for our five

39
Q

the visuospatial sketch pad

A

storage component of working memory
-maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code
-keeps you up to date on where objects are around you and where you intend to go
-engages part of the brain related to perception of vision and space and doesn’t affect memory for sounds
-items stored can be counted as shape, color and textures

40
Q

feature binding

A

the process of combining visual features into a single unit.
-after visual feature binding, visuospatial memory can accurately retain four whole objects

41
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory of events before trauma is lost

42
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

after injury, inability to form new memories

43
Q

cross-cortical storage

A

a phenomenon where long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain rather than being localized in one region

44
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signal between nerve cells that fire together

induced by repeated and intense activation between 2 neurons

45
Q

Hebbs postulate

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

46
Q

memory at cellular level

A

following the invitation of LTP in hippocampal neurons, new dendritic spines are formed

Psych 1000 (10 decks)

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