Psychological disorders (chapter 15) Flashcards
Abnormal Psychology
The psychological study of mental illnesses or disorders
= Abnormal Behaviour
Maladaptive
Causes distress to oneself or others, impairs day to day functioning, or increases the risk of injury or harm to onself and others.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)
A standardized manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders
Positive Symptoms
Refers to the presence of maladaptive behaviours
Negative Symptoms
Refer to the absence of adaptive behaviour
Asylums
Residential facilities for the mentally ill
Culture-Bound Syndromes
Expressions of distress that are recognized across a given culture but that tend not to appear outside that culture
Medical Model
Sees physiological conditions through the same lens as Western medicine tends to see physical conditions - as a set of symptoms, causes, and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes
Mental Disorder Defence
A defence that does not deny that the person committed the offence, but claims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that they could not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong.
- Formally known as the Insanity Defence
Psychosis
When an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined
Personality
All the characteristic ways a person behaves and thinks Personality is persistent and consistent
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A lack of empathy or emotional connection with others. People with this disorder have a tendacy toward violence regardless of the consequences
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Individuals avoid social interactions, including those at school, or work, because they feel inadequate and are deeply afraid of being rejected.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Which is characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships.
Dependent Personality Disorder
Have an excessive need to be taken care of, often requiring frequent assurance from others and help with everyday decision-making.
Dissociative Disorder
A category of mental disorders characterized by a split between a person’s conscious awareness and their feelings, cognitions, memory and identity.
Historic Personality Disorder
Which is characterized by excessive attention-seeking and dramatic behaviour.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abondonment.
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
A disorder in which individuals are perfectionists who are usually focused on details, organization, and productivity; these individuals also tend to avoid spending money or throwing out old, worthless objects
Example: Livy Poo Cavallo
Paranoid Personality Disorder
individuals are consistently preoccupied by the belief that other people are attempting to harm or deceive them; they often react with anger to these imagined social or physical threats
Multiple Personality Disorder
In which a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other.
Personality Disorder
As particularly unusual patterns of behaviour (relative to cultural context) that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Individuals are socially detached; they do not desire close relationships, including being part of a family, and take little pleasure in most activities.
Schizotypical Personality Disorder
Which consists with both a discomfort with close relationships as well as unusual or eccentric thoughts and behaviours
Agoraphobia
An intense fear of having a panic attack in public; as a result of this fear, the individual may begin to avoid public settings and increasingly isolate themself.
Bipolar Disorder
Formally referred to as manic depression - is characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally from the normal challenges and stresses of everyday life.
Diathesis Stress Model
The interaction between genetic predispositions for a disorder and life stress.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Tend to be plagued by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (Obsessions), and engage in repetitive, often quite ritualistic behaviours (compulsions)
Major Depression
Is a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and cognitive and physical sluggishness.
Panic Attacks
Brief moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical activity paired with frightening thoughts,
Phobia
A severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation
Specific Phobia
Involves an intense fear of a specific object, activity or organism.
Active Phase
People typically experience delusional thoughts hallucinations, or disorganized patterns of thought, emotions and behaviour.
Residual Phase
In which people’s predominant symptoms have disappeared or lessened considerably and they may simply be withdrawn, have trouble concentrating, and generally lack motivation.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
Symptoms include episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile - sometimes in bizarre positions - for extended periods.
Schizophrenia
Is now defined as a brain disease that causes the person to experience significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thought and emotions, and problems with attention and memory.
Hallucinations
Alterations in perception, such as when a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or states something that does not exist, except in that person’s mind.
Delusions
Beliefs that are not based on or well-integrated with reality
Disorganized Behaviour
This term describes the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing that task of everyday life.
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Symptoms include delusional beliefs one is being followed, watched or persecuted, and may also include delusions of grandeur or the belief that one has some secret, insight, power, or some other characteristic that makes one particularly special.
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Symptoms include thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotions that are poorly integrated and incoherent. People with disorganized schizophrenia may also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms.
Prodromal Phase
People may become easily confused and have difficulty organizing their thoughts, they may lose interest and begin to withdraw from friends and family, and they may lose their normal motivations, withdraw from life, and spend increasing amounts of time alone, often deeply engrossed in their own thoughts
