lifespan development (chapter 10) Flashcards
development psychology
the study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioral characteristics across a lifespan
cross-sectional design
used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time
-more cost effective and fast
longitudinal design
follows development of the same set individuals through time
-hard to carry out, costly and time consuming
-long study- people drop out
cohort effects
differences among people that result from being born in different time periods
teratogen
substances that impair the process of development
-Alcohol
-cigarettes
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
a group of condition that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth
the visual cliff
development psychologist use a fake cliff to test for development of depth perception in babies
moro reflex
infants loose support of their head
rooting reflex
elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth,
stepping reflex
aka walking or dancing reflex occurs when infants sense the onset of pressure on the sole of a foot
grasping reflex
elicited by stimulating the infants palm
motor skills develop in stages
raising the head, rolling over, propping up, sitting up, crawling, walking
sensitive periods
are windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environment stimulation is needed for normal development of specific ability
cognitive development
the study of changes in memory, thought and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan
(Piaget)
learning involves
assimilation and accommodation
assimilation
is fitting new information, Into belief system you already posses
accommodation
a creative process where people modify their belief structures based on experience
sensorimotor stage
spans from birth to 2 years during which infants thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory
object permanence
the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived
pre-operational stage
which spans age 2-7 and is devoted to language development the use of symbols, pretend play and mastering the concept of conversation
conversation
the knowledge that the quantity or amount if an object is not the same as the physical arraignment and appearance of that object
concrete operational stage(7-11)
children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers
formal operational stage(11-adulthood)
involves the development of advanced cognate process such abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
core knowledge hypothesis
proposes that infant have inform have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment
habituation
refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
secure attachment
an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver.
insecure attachment
lack of trust and lack of a secure base
anxious/ambivalent
the caregiver is a base of security but the child depends too strongly on the caregiver exhibiting clingy behaviors
avoidant
the child behaves as though they do not need the caregiver, plays as though they are oblivious to the caregiver
Piagets test for egocentric perspective in children
Piaget used the three-mountain task to test whether children can take someone else’s perspective.
egocentric
child only considers their own perspective
2 psychobiological systems
attachment behavioral system
caregiving behavioral system
cognitive reframing
failure can be reframed as an
opportunity to learn, and a threatening experience as a challenge to be overcome.
Delaying gratification
Putting off immediate temptations to focus on longer-term goals.
theory of mind
the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs and perspectives different from others
pre conventional morality
Characterized by self-interest in
seeking reward or avoiding
punishment.
Conventional Morality
Regards social conventions and rules
as guides for appropriate moral
behaviour. Directives from parents,
teachers, and the law are used as
guidelines for moral behavior.
Postconventional Morality
Considers rules and laws as relative.
Right and wrong are determined by
more abstract principles of justice and rights.
Alzheimers disease
caused by a build up of proteins that clump together in spaces often referred to as plagues
neurofibrillary tangles
proteins tables within nerve cells, which severely disrupts structural integrity and functioning
social intuitionist model
the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors and relationships that organize social life
Emerging adulthood
18-24
brain maturation (prefontal cortext)
four horsemen of the apocalypse
Criticism
defensiveness
contempt
stonewalling
