lifespan development (chapter 10)

Question 1

development psychology

Answer 1

the study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioral characteristics across a lifespan

Question 2

cross-sectional design

Answer 2

used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time
-more cost effective and fast

Question 3

longitudinal design

Answer 3

follows development of the same set individuals through time
-hard to carry out, costly and time consuming
-long study- people drop out

Question 4

cohort effects

Answer 4

differences among people that result from being born in different time periods

Question 5

teratogen

Answer 5

substances that impair the process of development
-Alcohol
-cigarettes

Question 6

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Answer 6

a group of condition that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before birth

Question 7

the visual cliff

Answer 7

development psychologist use a fake cliff to test for development of depth perception in babies

Question 8

moro reflex

Answer 8

infants loose support of their head

Question 9

rooting reflex

Answer 9

elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth,

Question 10

stepping reflex

Answer 10

aka walking or dancing reflex occurs when infants sense the onset of pressure on the sole of a foot

Question 11

grasping reflex

Answer 11

elicited by stimulating the infants palm

Question 12

motor skills develop in stages

Answer 12

raising the head, rolling over, propping up, sitting up, crawling, walking

Question 13

sensitive periods

Answer 13

are windows of time during which exposure to a specific type of environment stimulation is needed for normal development of specific ability

Question 14

cognitive development

Answer 14

the study of changes in memory, thought and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan
(Piaget)

Question 15

learning involves

Answer 15

assimilation and accommodation

Question 16

assimilation

Answer 16

is fitting new information, Into belief system you already posses

Question 17

accommodation

Answer 17

a creative process where people modify their belief structures based on experience

Question 18

sensorimotor stage

Answer 18

spans from birth to 2 years during which infants thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory

Question 19

object permanence

Answer 19

the ability to understand that objects exist even when they cannot be directly perceived

Question 20

pre-operational stage

Answer 20

which spans age 2-7 and is devoted to language development the use of symbols, pretend play and mastering the concept of conversation

Question 21

conversation

Answer 21

the knowledge that the quantity or amount if an object is not the same as the physical arraignment and appearance of that object

Question 22

concrete operational stage(7-11)

Answer 22

children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers

Question 23

formal operational stage(11-adulthood)

Answer 23

involves the development of advanced cognate process such abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

Question 24

core knowledge hypothesis

Answer 24

proposes that infant have inform have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

Question 25

habituation

Answer 25

refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

Question 26

secure attachment

Answer 26

an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver.

Question 27

insecure attachment

Answer 27

lack of trust and lack of a secure base

Question 28

anxious/ambivalent

Answer 28

the caregiver is a base of security but the child depends too strongly on the caregiver exhibiting clingy behaviors

Question 29

avoidant

Answer 29

the child behaves as though they do not need the caregiver, plays as though they are oblivious to the caregiver

Question 30

Piagets test for egocentric perspective in children

Answer 30

Piaget used the three-mountain task to test whether children can take someone else’s perspective.

Question 31

egocentric

Answer 31

child only considers their own perspective

Question 32

2 psychobiological systems

Answer 32

attachment behavioral system
caregiving behavioral system

Question 33

cognitive reframing

Answer 33

failure can be reframed as an
opportunity to learn, and a threatening experience as a challenge to be overcome.

Question 34

Delaying gratification

Answer 34

Putting off immediate temptations to focus on longer-term goals.

Question 35

theory of mind

Answer 35

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs and perspectives different from others

Question 36

pre conventional morality

Answer 36

Characterized by self-interest in
seeking reward or avoiding
punishment.

Question 37

Conventional Morality

Answer 37

Regards social conventions and rules
as guides for appropriate moral
behaviour. Directives from parents,
teachers, and the law are used as
guidelines for moral behavior.

Question 38

Postconventional Morality

Answer 38

Considers rules and laws as relative.
Right and wrong are determined by
more abstract principles of justice and rights.

Question 39

Alzheimers disease

Answer 39

caused by a build up of proteins that clump together in spaces often referred to as plagues

Question 40

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 40

proteins tables within nerve cells, which severely disrupts structural integrity and functioning

Question 41

social intuitionist model

Answer 41

the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors and relationships that organize social life

Question 42

Emerging adulthood

Answer 42

18-24
brain maturation (prefontal cortext)

Question 43

four horsemen of the apocalypse

Answer 43

Criticism
defensiveness
contempt
stonewalling