Therapeutic Options in Cancer Flashcards
<p>What do therapeutic options for cancer involve?</p>
<p>Both prevention and treatment</p>
<p>What are prevention options for cancer?</p>
<p>Environment/behaviour changes</p>
<p>Diet</p>
<p>Screening</p>
<p>Genetics</p>
<p>Medication/vaccination</p>
<p>What are treatment options for cancer?</p>
<p>Surgery</p>
<p>Radiotherapy</p>
<p>Systematic therapy</p>
<p>Immunotherapy</p>
<p>What is immunotherapy?</p>
<p>Type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defences to fight cancer</p>
<p>What does evidence suggest colorectal cancer is increased with the consumption off?</p>
<p>Red meat</p>
<p>What does evidence suggest breast cancer is increased with the consumption of?</p>
<p>Saturated fat</p>
<p>What is the current advice for diet?</p>
<p>Eat 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables per day</p>
<p>Avoid obesity</p>
<p>Regular exercise (30 mins a day)</p>
<p>What are the 2 classes of screening, in terms of societies optionions?</p>
<p>High quality research evidence</p>
<p>More controversial</p>
<p>What are examples of high quality research evidence screening?</p>
<p>Cervical cancer (smear test)</p>
<p>Colorectal cancer (blood in faeces)</p>
<p>Breast cancer (mammography)</p>
<p>What are examples of controversial screening?</p>
<p>Prostate cancer (PSA blood test)</p>
<p>Lung cancer (MR/CT screening)</p>
<p>What are examples of hereditary genes that increase cancer risk?</p>
<p>FAP increase colorectal cancer</p>
<p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 increasing breast cancer</p>
<p>What is a very controversial form of prevention?</p>
<p>Chemo-prevention</p>
<p>What is chemoprevention useful for?</p>
<p>Primary such as oesphagael cancer and breast cancer</p>
<p>Secondary such as head and neck or lung cancer</p>
<p>What is a common kind of chemo-prevention that is not believed to be of much use?</p>
<p>Anti-oxidants</p>
<p>What kind of cancer is heavily linked with lung cancer, meaning if you have one you are likely to have the other?</p>
<p>Head and neck cancer</p>
<p>What are the 2 general kinds of treatment?</p>
<p>Local or regional</p>
<p>Systematic</p>
<p>What are examples of local or regional treatments?</p>
<p>Surgery</p>
<p>Radiotherapy</p>
<p>Ablation (radiowaves or freezing)</p>
<p>Isolated limb perfusion (chemotherapy directly to the limb)</p>
<p>What is ablation?</p>
<p>Radio waves or freezing</p>
<p>What is isolated limb perfusion?</p>
<p>Chemotherapy directly to the limb</p>
<p>What are kinds of systematic treatments?</p>
<p>Hormonal therapy</p>
<p>Chemotherapy</p>
<p>Immunotherapy</p>
<p>Whole body irradiation</p>
<p>What can staging tell us?</p>
<p>Where is the cancer</p>
<p>What kind of cancer</p>
<p>What is used to tell us where a cancer is?</p>
<p>Examination</p>
<p>Imaging</p>
<p>What is used to tell us the kind of cancer?</p>
<p>Pathology</p>
<p>What does surgery need?</p>
<p>Anatomical clearance (complete removal of the tumour)</p>
<p>What is anatomical clearance?</p>
<p>Complete removal of the tumour</p>
<p>What can radiotherapy do?</p>
<p>Treat inoperable lesions</p>
<p>Make surgery more possible</p>
<p>Maintain function or appearance</p>
<p>What does radiotherapy need, just like surgery?</p>
<p>Complete anatomical coverage</p>
<p>What are the 5 R's of radiobiology?</p>
<p>Radio sensitivity (some tumours are not sensitive to treatment)</p>
<p>Repair (no breaks does not allow the tumour to grow so improves survival)</p>
<p>Re-population</p>
<p>Re-oxygenation (oxygen makes cells more sensitive to treatment)</p>
<p>Re-assortment (tumours are least sensitive during the DNA replication stage of the cell cycle</p>
<p>When are tumours least sensitive to radiotherapy?</p>
<p>During the DNA replication stage of the cell cycle</p>
<p>Why is re-oxygenation important for radiotherapy?</p>
<p>Oxygen makes cells more sensitive to treatment</p>
<p>What is pallation?</p>
<p>Care that makes you feel better even though it can't sure you, used for terminally ill patients</p>
<p>What is radiotherapy used for in pallation?</p>
<p>Pain</p>
<p>Bleeding</p>
<p>Swollen limbs</p>
<p>What is systematic treatment used for?</p>
<p>Widespread disease</p>
<p>What is a possible side effect of systematic treatment?</p>
<p>Widespread toxicity, the dose required to get the desired effect (kill the tumour) has unavoidable side effects due to being high</p>
<p>What does hormone treatment have the potential to be?</p>
<p>Very specific</p>
<p>What does cytotoxic mean?</p>
<p>Toxic to living cells</p>
<p>What are cytotoxic drugs used for?</p>
<p>Curative</p>
<p>Pallative</p>
<p>Adjuvant (has surgery but at risk of reoccurence)</p>
<p>Neoadjuvant (treatment before surgery to shrink the tumour)</p>
<p>What is adjuvant in terms of the use of cytotoxic drugs?</p>
<p>Has surgery but is at risk or reoccurance</p>
<p>What is neoadjuvant in terms of the use of cytotoxic drugs?</p>
<p>Treatment before surgery to shrink the tumour</p>
<p>What are specific therapies based on?</p>
<p>Molecular science</p>
<p>What do specific therapies target?</p>
<p>Intracellular growth control points</p>
<p>What is an example of a specific therapy we can create?</p>
<p>Artificial antibodies that cannot exist in nature, such as ones that are bifunctional and can bring cells together</p>
<p>What are examples of immune therapies?</p>
<p>Nonspecific/innate</p>
<p>Specific</p>
<p>Monoclonal antibodies</p>
<p>Programmed cell death pathway (PD-1)</p>
<p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells</p>
<p>What do programmed cell death pathways (PD-1) use?</p>
<p>Immune cells to attack cancer cells</p>
<p>What is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells?</p>
<p>Artifical T cell receptors to give a specific cell killing function directly againt cancer cells (stops cancer cells hiding from the immune system)</p>
<p>What stops cancer cells hiding from the immune system?</p>
<p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells</p>
<p>What does immunotherapy need to be?</p>
<p>Precise as the immune cells will keep diving and will always be present, and the wrong receptor is used they will attack healthy tissue</p>
<p>What will happen if the wrong receptor is used in immunotherapy?</p>
<p>The immune cells could attack healthy tissue</p>
<p>How can cancer cells hide from the immune system?</p>
<p>Due to being self cells (antigen binds to self-cell receptor on T cell)</p>
<p>How do CAR T cells prevent cancer from binding to self-receptors and hiding from the immune system?</p>
<p>Bind to cancer cells antigen with the forign receptor and destroy them</p>
<p>What does CAR T cells being successful depend on?</p>
<p>Mutation burden of cancer</p>
<p>Immunogenicity of neoantigens</p>
<p>What is clinical research important for?</p>
<p>Determining what treatments are effective for who and making them even better</p>
<p>Why don't all people with the same condition respond to the same treatment?</p>
<p>Due to unique factors such as genetics and what bacteria normally live in your gut</p>
