Principles of Immunisation Flashcards
<p>What are the two types of immunity?</p>
<p>Adaptive</p>
<p>Innate</p>
<p>What is innate immunity?</p>
<p>First line defence from infection in a non-specific manner</p>
<p>What is adaptive immunity?</p>
<p>Highly specialised elimination of pathogens with the creation of an immunological memory</p>
<p>What are the two forms of adaptive immunity?</p>
<p>Active</p>
<p>Passive</p>
<p>What is active immunity?</p>
<p>Protection produced by your own immune system</p>
<p>What is passive immunity?</p>
<p>Immune response that involves antibodies that are obtained from outside the body</p>
<p>What are the two forms of active and passive immunity?</p>
<p>Natural</p>
<p>Artificial</p>
<p>What are examples of natural artificial active immunity?</p>
<p>Active natural immunity is infection or exposure</p>
<p>Active artificial immunity is immunisation vaccines</p>
<p>What are examples of natural and artificial passive immunity?</p>
<p>Natural passive immunity is mother passing on antibodies to baby</p>
<p>Artificial passive immunity is immunological therapy</p>
<p>Which of active and passive immunity are specific?</p>
<p>Both of them, being part of the adaptive immune system</p>
<p>What kind of adaptive immunity creates immunological memory?</p>
<p>Only active, not passive</p>
<p>What are advantages of passive immunity?</p>
<p>Gives immediate protection</p>
<p>Quick fix</p>
<p>What are disadvantages of passive immunity?</p>
<p>No immunological memory</p>
<p>Could lead to serum sickness (incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen resulting in anaphylaxis)</p>
<p>What is an advantage of active immunity?</p>
<p>Long term immunity due to the creation of immunological memory</p>
<p>What is a disadvantage of active immunity?</p>
<p>No immediate effect</p>
<p>What does an immunological memory allow?</p>
<p>A larger, more effective and more precise response on re-exposure</p>
<p>What is vaccination?</p>
<p>Adminstration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the pathogen</p>
<p>What are common diseases that we vaccinate?</p>
<p>Measles</p>
<p>Mumps</p>
<p>Rebella</p>
<p>Polio</p>
<p>What are different kinds of vaccines?</p>
<p>Killed whole organism</p>
<p>Attenuated whole organism (mainly virsuses)</p>
<p>Subunit (recombinant proteins)</p>
<p>Toxoid (toxin treated with formalin)</p>
<p>What is a risk of using a killed whole organism as a vaccine?</p>
<p>Must be killed efffectively as any live virus can result in disease</p>
<p>What is an advantage and disadvantage of using an attenuated whole organism as a vaccine?</p>
<p>Very powerful and better than killed</p>
<p>Refrigeration required</p>
<p>What is an advantage and a disadvantage of using a subunit as a vaccine?</p>
<p>Safe</p>
<p>Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant</p>
<p>What is an adjuvant?</p>
<p>Enhances an antigen specific immune response</p>
<p>What is an attenuated whole organism?</p>
<p>Avirulent strain of target organism</p>
<p>What is the attenuation mechanism?</p>
<p>1) Pathogenic virus is isolated from patient and grown in human cultured cells</p>
<p>2) Cultured virus is used to infect monkeys</p>
<p>3) Virus acquires mutations to allow it to grow in monkey cells</p>
<p>4) Virus no longer grows in human cells and can be used as a vaccine</p>
<p>What do children have to protect them from common pathogens?</p>
<p>An immunisation schedule that lasts from birth until up to 18 years old</p>
<p>What are some vaccines that are apart of a child's immunisation schedule?</p>
<p>Tetanus/polio at 2/4months</p>
<p>Influenza at 2/4 years</p>
<p>HPV at 13 years (females only)</p>
<p>Tetanus/polio at 13/18 years</p>
<p>Who are tuberculosis (BCG) and hepatisis B vaccines given to?</p>
<p>People at birth who have increased risk to exposure</p>
<p>What are examples of high risk groups?</p>
<p>Elderly (given influenza and shingles)</p>
<p>IV drug users (given hepatitis A/B)</p>
<p>Chronic medical conditions (given S pneumoniae and influenza)</p>
<p>Occupational risk (given hepatitis A/B and bacillus anthracis)</p>
<p>What are people from high risk groups given?</p>
<p>Additional vaccines</p>
<p>What kinds of vaccines are people who are travelling given?</p>
<p>Hepatitis A</p>
<p>Typhoid</p>
<p>Cholera</p>
<p>Yellow fever</p>
<p>Rabies</p>
<p>What are contraindications?</p>
<p>When using a vaccine can cause serious adverse reactions due to other medical conditions</p>
<p>What are the different kinds of contraindications?</p>
<p>Temporary</p>
<p>Permanent</p>
<p>What are examples of temporary contraindications?</p>
<p>Febrile illness (illness with unknown cause)</p>
<p>Pregnancy</p>
<p>What are examples of permanent contraindications?</p>
<p>Allergy</p>
<p>Immunocompromised</p>
<p>What is herd immunity?</p>
<p>People who are not vaccinated are less likely to become infected with a pathogen due to being less likely to come into contact with it</p>
<p>Who does herd immunity protect?</p>
<p>People who are unable to be vaccinated such as babies and pregnant woman</p>
<p>What are things that make a good vaccine?</p>
<p>Potent antibody response</p>
<p>Potent cytotoxic T cell response</p>
<p>Helper T cell response</p>
<p>Creation of immunological memory</p>
<p>What are some challenges facing vaccines?</p>
<p>Persistance (idealy vaccines should give life long protection)</p>
<p>Generation of memory cells</p>
<p>Protection of vulnerable groups</p>
<p>Antigenic shift and drift, strain diversity in general</p>
<p>Cold chain network</p>
<p>What is antigenic drift?</p>
<p>Mechanism for variation in viruses due to the accumulation of mutations within genes that code for the antigens</p>
<p>What is the purpose of the cold chain network?</p>
<p>Maintain the quality of the vaccine from the time of manufacture until the point of administration</p>
<p>What is a conjugate vaccine?</p>
<p>Conjugation of a carbohydrate to a protein carrier to make the antigen more effective</p>
<p>What would weaker antigens lead to?</p>
<p>Ineffective B cell priming</p>
<p>Why are new borns and the elderly vulnerable?</p>
<p>New borns are vulnerable due to having less memory B cells</p>
<p>The elderly are vulnerable due to having less B cells due to bone marrow having become fat over time</p>
<p>What is prominant research into vaccines at the moment?</p>
<p>Vaccines for cancers by targetting checkpoint inhibitors which can produce powerful anti-tumour responses</p>
<p>What is vaccinomics?</p>
<p>Individualised vaccinology</p>
