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Foundations of Medicine > Terminal Respiration > Flashcards

Terminal Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What do redox reaction do in respiration?</p>

A

<p>Pass electrons around which end up combining with oxygen</p>

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2
Q

<p>What is the only site of oxidative phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>Mitochonria</p>

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3
Q

<p>What does the mitochondria allow in terms of oxidative phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>The coupling of oxidation of carbon fuels to ATP synthesis</p>

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4
Q

<p>What structures are present in mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Cristae</p>

<p>Matrix</p>

<p>Outer membrane</p>

<p>Inner membrane</p>

<p>Inter membrane space</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is the purpose of cristae?</p>

A

<p>Increases the surface area</p>

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6
Q

<p>What is abundant in the matrix?</p>

A

<p>Full of proteins</p>

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7
Q

<p>Where do most reactions happen in mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>On the inner membreane</p>

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8
Q

<p>Where is most NADH and FADH2found and why?</p>

A

<p>In the mitochondria due to citric acid cycle and B-oxidation</p>

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9
Q

<p>Where is some NADH and FADH2found and what needs to happen to them?</p>

A

<p>In the cytosol and they need to be transfered into the mitochondria</p>

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10
Q

<p>Which of NADH and FADH2can cross the membrane of the mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>NADH cannot cross the membrane, but FADH2can pass its electrons onto the electron transport chain</p>

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11
Q

<p>What is the passage of electrons from FADH2into the electron transport chain called?</p>

A

<p>Glycerol phosphate shuttle</p>

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12
Q

What does the glycerol phosphate shuttle look like?

A
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13
Q

<p>What happens during the glycerol phosphate shuttle?</p>

A

<ol> <li>NADH passes its electrons onto dihydroxyacetone phosphate which becomes glycerol-3-phosphate</li> <li>Crosses the outer membrane and passes electrons onto FAD which becomes FADH2</li> <li>FADH2enters the electron transport chain</li></ol>

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14
Q

<p>Which of the oxidation of FADH2and NADH generates more ATP per molecule?</p>

A

<p>NADH</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the disadvantage of using substrates from the cytosol?</p>

A

<p>An energetic price is paid getting them into the mitochondria</p>

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16
Q

<p>What are the 4 proteins that make up the electron transport chain?</p>

A

<ol> <li>NADH-Q Oxidoreductase</li> <li>Succinate-Q reductase</li> <li>Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase</li> <li>Cytochrome C oxidase</li></ol>

<p></p>

<p></p>

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17
Q

<p>How many of the 4 proteins of the electron transport chain push protons across?</p>

A

<p>3</p>

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18
Q

<p>What proteins of the electron transport chain push protons acorss?</p>

A

<p>NADH-Q oxidoreductase (1)</p>

<p>Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase (3)</p>

<p>Cytochrome C oxidase (4)</p>

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19
Q

<p>What impacts the amount of energy you can yield from electron carriers?</p>

A

<p>Which protein of the electron transport chain they use, as succinate-Q reductase doesn't push protons through</p>

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20
Q

<p>What does complex 1 (NADH-Q oxidoreductase) do?</p>

A

<p>Oxideses NADH and passes e-onto ubiquinone to make ubiquinol (QH2)</p>

<p>Passes H+into the intermembrane space</p>

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21
Q

<p>What centres does complex 1 (NADH-Q reductase) use?</p>

A

<p>Fe-S centres</p>

<p>FMN (flavin mononuleotide)</p>

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22
Q

<p>What does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) do?</p>

A

<p>OxidisesFADH2and passes e-to ubinquinone which becomes ubiquinol (QH2)</p>

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23
Q

<p>What centres does complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) utilise?</p>

A

<p>Fe-S centres</p>

24
Q

<p>What does the haem group do in complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase)?</p>

A

<p>Stops stray electrons from going somewhere else</p>

25
Q

<p>What is ubiquinone (Q) called in the mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Q10(10 isoprene repeats)</p>

26
Q

<p>What are ubiquinone's other names?</p>

A

<p>Q10</p>

<p>Coenzyme Q10</p>

27
Q

<p>What does complex 3 (Q-cytochrome C oxidoreductase) do?</p>

A

<p>Takes electrons from QH2(converting it back to Q) and passes them to Cytochrome C</p>

<p>Pumps protons into intermembrane space</p>

28
Q

<p>What does the oxidation of one molecule of QH2produce?</p>

A

<p>2 molecules of reduced cytochrome C</p>

29
Q

<p>What does complex 4 (Cytochrome C oxidase) do?</p>

A

<p>Takes electrons from cytochrome C and passes them to O2)</p>

<p>Pumps protons into the intermembrane space</p>

30
Q

<p>What centres does complex 4 (Cytochrome C reductase) utilise?</p>

A

<p>Fe-Cu centres</p>

31
Q

<p>What do electrons cause protons to do?</p>

A

<p>Work which generates a proton gradient</p>

32
Q

<p>What are the two carriers used in the electron transport chain?</p>

A

<p>NADH</p>

<p>FADH2</p>

33
Q

<p>Where does the NADH that is used in the electron transport chain come from?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis</p>

<p>Citric acid cycle</p>

<p>B-oxidation</p>

34
Q

<p>Where does the FADH2that is used in the electron transport chain come from?</p>

A

<p>B-oxidation</p>

<p>NADH via G-3-P shuttle</p>

35
Q

<p>How many hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped per electron?</p>

36
Q

<p>What is the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP?</p>

A

<p>ATP synthase</p>

37
Q

<p>What is the energy stored in the proton gradient used by?</p>

A

<p>EMF (allows proton gradient to do work)</p>

<p>ATP synthase (acts as a molecular turbine which harnesses the energy of the gradient)</p>

38
Q

<p>What is chemiosmosis?</p>

A

<p>Protons moving from the matrix to the outer of the inside mitochondrial membrane as e-pass through the complex of the electron transport chain</p>

39
Q

<p>What is a proton motive force?</p>

A

<p>When protons are allowed to flow back down their concentration gradient they release energy to do work</p>

40
Q

<p>What happens once protons eventually flow back down their concentration gradients?</p>

A

<p>ATP synthase sits on these sites which uses the energy from them passing through to convert ADP + Pi→ ATP</p>

41
Q

<p>What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase?</p>

A

<p>F0(membrane bound protein)</p>

<p>F1(protrudes into mitochondrial matrix)</p>

42
Q

<p>What is F0?</p>

A

<p>Has 10 subunits that connect it to F1</p>

43
Q

<p>What is F1?</p>

A

<p>Produces ATP from proton motive force energy connected by F0</p>

44
Q

<p>What is the process of ATP synthase performing its function?</p>

A

<ol> <li>ADP + Pienter beta sub unit</li> <li>Rotation of F0cylander and gamma shaft causes a confirmational change in the beta subunit of F1</li> <li>Catalyses ADP + Pi→ ATP</li></ol>

45
Q

<p>What is most of the energy used by ATP synthase required for?</p>

A

<p>Releasing the formed ATP</p>

46
Q

<p>How many H+leave as one goes in?</p>

47
Q

<p>How does the sequential conformational change of the beta subunit of F1work?</p>

A

<p>B1binds ADP + Pi(ready to react)</p>

<p>B2binds ATP (ready to be released)</p>

<p>B3doesn't bind ATP (empty)</p>

48
Q

<p>When does F0rotate?</p>

A

<p>Once every 2 protons enter the space</p>

49
Q

<p>How much ATP does 3 H+produce?</p>

A

<p>1 molecule</p>

50
Q

<p>Why does NADH pump more protons than FADH2?</p>

A

<p>It enters the first complex whereas FADH2enters the second</p>

51
Q

<p>Stoichiochemically, how much ATP does NADH and FADH2produce?</p>

A

<p>NADH generates 2.5 molecules of ATP per molecule</p>

<p>FADH2generates 1.5 molecules of ATP per molecule</p>

52
Q

<p>What is the total yield of ATP per molecule of glucose?</p>

A

<p>30 or 32 molecules of ATP, most from electron carriers</p>

53
Q

<p>What happens if the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to H+?</p>

A

<p>H+concentration gradient cannot be generated</p>

<p>Electron transport chain reduces O2to H20 still, but no ATP is generated</p>

<p>Energy is released as heat instead</p>

54
Q

<p>What is it called when the inner mitochondrial becomes permeable to H+?</p>

A

<p>Uncoupling</p>

55
Q

<p>When is uncoupling intentional and why?</p>

A

<p>In brown fat to generate heat</p>

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