Theories of Learning: Conditioning. Flashcards
Classiclal Conditioning. Operant Conditioning. Reinforcement. Punishment.
Define Conditioning.
Performer developing a specific link with a certain cue. Known as the stimulus-response bond.
List the two types of Conditioning.
Classical.
Operant.
Explain Classical Conditioning.
A connection between stimulus and response, due to conditioning.
A form of training which makes a certain behaviour into a habit.
What is the Experiment for Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov’s Dogs, 1897.
Explain Pavlov’s Experiement.
- Before Conditioning.
Dog salivated when seeing food, didn’t salivate when the bell was rung. - During Conditioning.
The bell rings and food is presented, therefore the dog salivates. - After Conditioning.
The bell is rung, so the dog salivates.
Explain Operant Conditioning.
The use of reinforcement to ensure the correct responses are repeated.
What is the Experiment for Operant Conditioning?
Skinners Rats, 1948.
Explain Skinner’s Experiment.
If lever is pressed, it gave food to hungry rat [strengthening S-R bond through positive reinforcement]
If lever is pressed, the electric shock and annoying noise is stopped [strengthening S-R bond through negative reinforcement]
List the Key Features of Operant Conditioning.
- Based on Trial and Error Learning.
- Shapes behaviour [by reinforcement]
- Manipulates the Environment.
Success acts as a Satisfier. Define Satisfier.
An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated.
Define Annoyer.
An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses.
Define Positive Reinforcement.
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response.
Involves the use of stimuli to provide a feeling of satisfaction to encourage repetition of the action e.g. praise from coach/cheer from audience.
Define Negative Reinforcement.
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response.
Strengthens a behaviour because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behaviour.
Define Punishment.
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring.
Weakens a behaviour because a negative condition is introduced or experiences as a consequence of the behaviour.
