Theories of Development Flashcards
What’s the difference between critical period and sensitive period?
- Critical period: a time during which children undergo rapid growth and are vulnerable to injury
- Sensitive period: a time during which children can learn things by exposure
What theories did Freud come up with?
- Id, ego, and superego
- Defense mechanisms
- The unconscious
- Psychosexual
- Dream interpretation
What are Freud’s stages of development?
- Oral (18-24 months)
- Anal (24 months to three years)
- Phallic (three to six years)
- Latent (six years to puberty)
- Genital (puberty to adulthood)
What are three concepts put forth by Piaget?
- Assimilation: the period during which children take in information
- Accommodation: the period during which children adjust their minds to received input
- Decalage: unevenness of development
List Piaget’s four stages of development.
- Sensorimotor (18-24 months): dependence on direct sensations to interact with the world
- Pre-operational (24 months to 7 years): emergence of symbolism and magical thinking; causality based on spatial and temporal proximity
- Concrete operations (7 years to 12 years): able to appreciate volume, quantity, permanence, and causality
- Formal operations (12 years to adulthood): abstract reasoning and metacognition
Who invented the attachment theory?
John Bowlby
This theory posits that infants can identify secure bases and strange situations.
Bowlby thought that attachment took place from _______________.
age two months to seven months
Preferred attachment is evident by ____________.
seven months to one year
Separation anxiety escalates at about __________.
one year
What framework did Eric Erikson create?
His model states that humans develop through stages in which people must resolve conflicts (such as trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.).
Bronfenbrenner put forth a theory that _________________.
emphasized the ecology of human development
What did the ACES trial show?
The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study showed that adults who had had four or more adverse childhood experiences – listed below – were at greatly increased risk of dying early.
Emotional abuse Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional neglect Physical neglect Mother treated violently Household substance abuse Household mental illness Parental divorce Incarceration of family member
What is “toxic stress”?
Prolonged adversity or stress in the absence of buffering relationships
According to the Center for the Developing Child at Harvard, how many children per 1,000 have toxic stress?
- 130 from postpartum depression
- 98 from parental substance abuse
- 75 from maltreatment
Overall, it’s important to have an environment that is _____________.
good enough; that is, it’s not necessary to optimize every second of a developing child’s life but rather just to hit the basics and avoid major trauma/neglect/abuse