Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between critical period and sensitive period?

A
  • Critical period: a time during which children undergo rapid growth and are vulnerable to injury
  • Sensitive period: a time during which children can learn things by exposure
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2
Q

What theories did Freud come up with?

A
  • Id, ego, and superego
  • Defense mechanisms
  • The unconscious
  • Psychosexual
  • Dream interpretation
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3
Q

What are Freud’s stages of development?

A
  • Oral (18-24 months)
  • Anal (24 months to three years)
  • Phallic (three to six years)
  • Latent (six years to puberty)
  • Genital (puberty to adulthood)
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4
Q

What are three concepts put forth by Piaget?

A
  • Assimilation: the period during which children take in information
  • Accommodation: the period during which children adjust their minds to received input
  • Decalage: unevenness of development
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5
Q

List Piaget’s four stages of development.

A
  • Sensorimotor (18-24 months): dependence on direct sensations to interact with the world
  • Pre-operational (24 months to 7 years): emergence of symbolism and magical thinking; causality based on spatial and temporal proximity
  • Concrete operations (7 years to 12 years): able to appreciate volume, quantity, permanence, and causality
  • Formal operations (12 years to adulthood): abstract reasoning and metacognition
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6
Q

Who invented the attachment theory?

A

John Bowlby

This theory posits that infants can identify secure bases and strange situations.

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7
Q

Bowlby thought that attachment took place from _______________.

A

age two months to seven months

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8
Q

Preferred attachment is evident by ____________.

A

seven months to one year

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9
Q

Separation anxiety escalates at about __________.

A

one year

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10
Q

What framework did Eric Erikson create?

A

His model states that humans develop through stages in which people must resolve conflicts (such as trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.).

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11
Q

Bronfenbrenner put forth a theory that _________________.

A

emphasized the ecology of human development

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12
Q

What did the ACES trial show?

A

The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study showed that adults who had had four or more adverse childhood experiences – listed below – were at greatly increased risk of dying early.

Emotional abuse
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse 
Emotional neglect
Physical neglect
Mother treated violently
Household substance abuse
Household mental illness
Parental divorce
Incarceration of family member
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13
Q

What is “toxic stress”?

A

Prolonged adversity or stress in the absence of buffering relationships

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14
Q

According to the Center for the Developing Child at Harvard, how many children per 1,000 have toxic stress?

A
  • 130 from postpartum depression
  • 98 from parental substance abuse
  • 75 from maltreatment
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15
Q

Overall, it’s important to have an environment that is _____________.

A

good enough; that is, it’s not necessary to optimize every second of a developing child’s life but rather just to hit the basics and avoid major trauma/neglect/abuse

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16
Q

What does the visual cliff experiment show?

A

Babies are placed on a table that has plexiglass over half of it that makes it look like they might fall. If the baby’s mother is standing nearby and smiling, babies will typically walk over the plexiglass. If the mother is making a scared face, however, the baby will usually not walk over the plexiglass.

17
Q

During the ages _________, vocabulary generally increases from about 1,000 words to 8,000 words.

A

3 to 6

18
Q

Children can usually understand conservation of volume during Piaget’s ___________ stage.

A

concrete operational

19
Q

Myelinization continues until the _________ decade.

A

5th

20
Q

The ability to delay gratification continues to develop until _________________.

A

people are in their 40s

21
Q

Bowlby’s main theory was _____________.

A

that the relationship between the young child and his or her caregiver determines the rest of the child’s personal development: the “secure base” idea upon which Ainsworth developed her classic experiment

22
Q

What would a “resistant” child do in Ainsworth’s separation experiment?

A

Resist the affection of the parent upon first coming back into the room

23
Q

Kohlberg’s theory posits that _____________.

A

people develop through different moral stages–starting with moral naïvity, going through selfish pragmatism, and ending with universal ethics

24
Q

Children can usually follow two-step commands by age ________.

A

two

25
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Actions based on one motive (say, for example, greed) attributed to actions based on a more acceptable motive (saying that hard work should be rewarded)

26
Q

The Heinz dilemma (should a man steal medicine he can’t afford to save his wife?) was created by ___________.

A

Kohlberg

27
Q

Healthcare workers are part of Bronfenbrenner’s ______-system.

A

micro

28
Q

Stranger anxiety starts around age _______.

A

6 months

29
Q

Vocabulary tends to increase from 1,000 to 8,000 words in the __________ age range.

A

3 to 6

30
Q

_______________ continues until the 5th decade.

A

Myelinization