Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention Flashcards
How common is cervical cancer?
It is the third most common gynecologic malignancy in the U.S.
13,000 cases of invasive carcinoma per year.
4,300 deaths per year in the U.S.
What is the general timeline for cervical cancer development?
Infection in young adulthood (20s) and cancer in early middle age (40s)
Which kinds of cervical cancer are most commonly caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18?
16: SCC (Sixteen = SixtCCn)
18: adenocarcinoma
Smoking raises the risk of ___________ cervical carcinoma.
squamous cell
Smoking is protective against ___________.
endometrial cancer
99% of cervical cancers arise within the ___________.
transitional zone
Sometimes the glandular tissue of the uterus can project out of the cervix. This is called __________.
ectocervix
What are the current screening guidelines for cervical cancer?
Younger than 21: no screening
21 - 29: cytology every 3 years
30 - 64: cytology and HPV testing every 5 years
65 and older: no screening
Caveat: screening can be done less often in patients with multiple normal tests in a row.
Recent research indicates that ___________ is the best screening tool.
HPV and cytology
In colposcopy, ________________ are used to visualize abnormal cells.
vinegar and microscopes
Briefly, how are CINs I, II, and III delineated?
CIN I: abnormal cells in top 1/3 of epithelium
CIN II: abnormal cells in top 2/3 of epithelium
CIN III: abnormal cells in full thickness of epithelium
LSIL correlates with _____.
CIN I
HSIL correlates with ___________.
CINs II and III
Cervical cancer is always staged ____________.
clinically
The approved age for HPV is _________.
11-12
What percent of cervical cancer is discovered by Pap smear?
About 50%
True or false: any stage of CIN indicates HPV infection.
True
The basal layer of the ectocervix is _________ in shape.
cuboidal
How successful are cryotherapy, laser ablation, and surgical excision?
About 95%
When should kids be vaccinated with HPV?
Between 11 and 12
In a cytologic assay, what indicates dysplasia?
Larger nuclei
Presence of mitotic figures
