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NCE Exam Prep 2020 > Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship II > Flashcards

Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship II Flashcards

1
Q

Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ______ and ______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
c. Joseph Breuer; A. A. Brill.
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May.

A

b.

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2
Q

Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes

a. oral, anal, phallic
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
c. a and b
d. id, ego, and superego

A

d.

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3
Q

In transactional analysis, the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral bx, while in Freudian theory it is the _________.

a. Adult; unconscious
b. Parent; ego
c. Parent; superego
d. Parent, id

A

c.

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4
Q

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by

a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
b. analysis during the childhood years
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor
d. transference

A

a.

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5
Q

Freudians refer to the ego as

a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
b. the guardian angel of the mind
c. the pleasure principle
d. the seat of libido

A

a.

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6
Q

Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily be

a. Eros
b. Eros and the id
c. Thanatos
d. both Eros and Thanatos

A

c. Thanatos - Greek word for death - death instinct

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7
Q

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the

a. reality principle
b. notion of transference
c. Eros principle
d. pleasure principle

A

d. pleasure principle

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8
Q

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the

a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time
b. ego
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong
d. BASIC-ID

A

b

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9
Q

A therapist who says to a patient, “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing

a. directive counseling
b. TA
c. paraphrasing
d. free association

A

d.

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10
Q

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ______, rather than ________ likes the id.

a. perfection; pleasure
b. pleasure; perfection
c. morals; ethics
d. logic; reality

A

a.

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11
Q

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except

a. Freud
b. Jung
c. Adler
d. Wolpe

A

d. Joseph Wolpe - systematic desensitization - weaken a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli

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12
Q

Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential work. Dreams have

a. manifest and latent content
b. preconscious and unconscious factors
c. id and ego
d. superego and id

A

a.

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13
Q

When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called

a. free association
b. insight
c. transference
d. resistance

A

c. transference

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14
Q

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement

a. Little Hans
b. Little Albert
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber

A

B. Little Albert

John Watson, who pioneered behaviorism, conditioned an 11-month old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects. Conclusion - fears are learned bx rather than unconscious process.

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15
Q

Little Hans was ________, while Little Albert was _______. a. behavioristic; psychoanalytic
b. psychoanalytic; behavioristic

A

b.

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16
Q

Freud was involved with all these cases except:

a. Little Hans
b. Little Albert
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber

A

b.

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17
Q

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy

a. utilizes fewer sessions per week
b. does not utilize the couch
c. is performed face-to-face
d. all of the above

A

d.

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18
Q

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as

a. catharsis and/or abreaction
b. resistance
c. accurate empathy
d. reflection of emotional content

A

a. Freud and Breurer - described highly charged repressed emotions which were released during the hypnotic process

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19
Q

Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ______ is to topographical theory

a. Child, Adult, Parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. ego ideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

A

d. Topographical theory - mind as an iceberg

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20
Q

Eric Berne, father of transactional analysis developed the structural model which include ______, _______, and ______.

A

Child, adult, and parent.

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21
Q

The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is

a. catharsis
b. the Oedipus complex
c. the notion of the preconscious mind
d. the interpretation of dreams

A

b.

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22
Q

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except

a. hypnosis
b. slips of the tongue and humor
c. dreams
d. subjective units of distress scale

A

d. SUDS is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe’s systematic desensitization: bx therapy technique for curbing phobic reactions.

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23
Q

In a counseling sessions, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the

a. preconscious mind
b. ego ideal
c. conscious mind
d. unconscious mind

A

a. preconscious mind is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. has access to conscious and unconscious information.

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24
Q

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called

a. slips of the tongue
b. ego defense mechanisms
c. id defense processes
d. latent dream material

A

b.

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25
Q

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is

a. repression
b. reaction formation
c. denial
d. sublimation

A

a.

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26
Q

When a person can’t accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner is known as:

a. repression
b. reaction formation
c. denial
d. sublimation

A

b.

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27
Q

When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way is known as:

a. repression
b. reaction formation
c. denial
d. sublimation

A

d.

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28
Q

Suppression differs from repression in that

a. suppression is stronger
b. repression only occurs in children
c. repression is automatic or involuntary
d. all of the above

A

c.

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29
Q

An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying

a. suppression
b. rationalization
c. sublimation
d. displacement

A

c.

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30
Q

Intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings is known as:

a. suppression
b. rationalization
c. sublimation
d. displacement

A

b.

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31
Q

When an impulse is unleashed at a safe target is known as:

a. suppression
b. rationalization
c. sublimation
d. displacement

A

d. Displacement - like a guy who is mad at his boss but goes home to kick the dog

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32
Q

An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of

a. sublimation
b. repression
c. introjection
d. none of the above

A

d. Subliminal message

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33
Q

When a child accepts a parent’s, caretaker’s values as his or her own is known as

a. sublimation
b. repression
c. introjection
d. none of the above

A

c.

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34
Q

A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of

a. displacement
b. denial
c. identification
d. a Type II error

A

a.

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35
Q

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates

a. introjection
b. reaction formation
c. sour grapes rationalization
d. sweet lemon rationalization

A

c. sour grapes - “I didn’t really want it anyway” - when a person tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is to protect self from a bruised ego

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36
Q

A master’s level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates

a. sour grape rationalization
b. sweet lemon rationalization
c. repression
d. sublimation

A

b. sweet lemon

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37
Q

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His bx is influenced by

a. denial
b. displacement of anger
c. sublimation
d. organ inferiority

A

a. denial

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38
Q

________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window

a. Repression
b. Sour grapes rationalization
c. Projection
d. Denial

A

c. projection attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others.

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39
Q

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

a. reaction formation
b. introjection
c. projection
d. rationalization

A

a. reaction formation - person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels

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40
Q

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is

a. reaction formation
b. compensation
c. projection
d. rationalization

A

b. compensation - when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation. Person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors.

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41
Q

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.” Jane is engaging in

a. projection
b. displacement
c. introjection
d. identification

A

d.

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42
Q

A defense mechanism which results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile is known as

a. projection
b. displacement
c. introjection
d. identification

A

d.

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43
Q

A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of

a. introjection
b. repression
c. rationalization
d. displacement

A

a. introjection

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44
Q

The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as

a. resistance
b. sublimation
c. projection
d. individuation

A

a

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45
Q

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that

a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo
b. he failed to emphasize sex
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
d. he was pro female

A

c.

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46
Q

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to

a. help the therapist appear genuine
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
c. make clients aware of nonverbal bx
d. help client understand feelings and bx related to chlidhood

A

b.

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47
Q

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria

A

b. Adler - individual’s attempts to compensate inferiority

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48
Q

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as

a. individual psychology
b. confrontation
c. transference neurosis
d. insight

A

d. insight

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49
Q

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ______ principle, while women are intuitive operating on the ______ principle.

a. Eros; Thanatos
b. Logos; Eros
c. reality; pleasure
d. transference; countertransference

A

b. logos - logic

eros - intuition

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50
Q

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them

a. mandalas
b. projective drawings
c. unconscious automatic writing
d. eidetic imagery

A

a. mandala

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51
Q

______ emphasized the drive for superiority.

a. Jung
b. Adler
c. Constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung

A

b.

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52
Q

The statement, “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction” describes

a. Sigmund Freud’s theory
b. Alfred Adler’s theory
c. insight
d. Carl Jung’s theory

A

b. Adler

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53
Q

In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized

a. baseline measures
b. social factors
c. unconditional positive regard
d. insight

A

b. social factors
neo-Freudians - Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Sullivan, and Erich Fromm - stressed social, interpersonal relations

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54
Q

The term introversion and extroversion are associated with

a. psychoanalysis
b. Freud
c. Adler
d. Jung

A

D. Jung
Introversion - turning in of the libido
Extroversion - find satisfaction and pleasure in other ppl

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55
Q

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are associated with the work of

a. psychoanalysis
b. Freud
c. Adler
d. Jung

A

d. Jung

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56
Q

One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,

a. created the TAT
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
c. was a noted Freud hater
d. created the hierarchy of needs

A

b. group

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57
Q

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as

a. superiority
b. social connectedness
c. the collective unconscious
d. animus

A

b. we need one another

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58
Q

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor prep program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to

a. exaggerate the bx and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 min before the speech
c. practice rational self-talk
d. practice rational thinking

A

a. paradox - exaggerate the bx

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59
Q

Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as ______.

A

anima; animus

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60
Q

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious which is passed from generation to generation, is known as

a. a hierarchy of needs
b. instinctual
c. paradox
d. archetypes

A

d. archetypes

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61
Q

Common archetypes include

a. the persona - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
b. animus, anima, self
c. shadow - the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired
d. all of the above

A

d.

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62
Q

A client is demonstrating inconsistent bx. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as

a. active listening
b. confrontation
c. accurate empathy
d. summarization

A

b. confrontation - illuminate discrepancies between the client’s and the helper’s conceptualization of a given situation

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63
Q

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-yr old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor

a. is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive bx modification
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptoms substitution
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

A

d. sx substitution is an psychoanalytic term

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64
Q

An eclectic counselor

a. is analytic
b. is behavioristic
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation
d. insists on including all family members in the tx

A

c. rely on several theories

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65
Q

The word eclectic is most closely associated with

a. Frederick C. Thorne
b. Freud
c. Piaget
d. Skinner

A

a. Thorne - eclecticism must be scientific

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66
Q

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of

a. cognitive dissonance
b. transference
c. countertransference
d. positive transference

A

c. counselor’s past is projected onto the client

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67
Q

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by

a. Freud
b. Jung
c. Adler
d. Thorne and Lazarus

A

c. Adler

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68
Q

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely

a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind
b. an Adlerian that believes bx must be studied in a social context; never in isolation
c. Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic r/s
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract

A

b.

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69
Q

Existentialism is to logotherapy as _____ is to behaviorism.

a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates

A

b. associationism - ideas are held together by associations (John Locke, Hume)

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70
Q

B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on

a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
b. Adler’s concept of lifestyle
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic
d. symptom substitution

A

a. Law of effect - you do what you like if you like the result

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71
Q

Classical conditioning relates to the work of

a. E. G. Williamson
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Frankl
d. Ivan Pavlov

A

d. Pavlov

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72
Q

Career counselor - father of the Minnesota Viewpoint - attempts to match the client’s traits with a career - known as “trait factor” approach

a. E. G. Williamson
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Frankl
d. Ivan Pavlov

A

a. Williamson

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73
Q

An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called

a. an operant
b. conditioned
c. unconditioned
d. acquisition period

A

c. unconditioned - unlearned

conditioned - “learned”

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74
Q

Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as

a. instrumental learning
b. classical conditioning
c. cognitive learning
d. learning via insight

A

a. instrumental learning

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75
Q

Respondent bx refers to

a. reflexes
b. operants
c. a type of phobia
d. punishment

A

a. reflexes

Pavlov - reflexes - classical conditioning

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76
Q

All reinforcers

a. are plastic tokens
b. tend to increase the probability that a bx will occur
c. are secondary
d. do not raise bx since negative reinforcement lowers bx

A

b. reinforcers raise the probability that an antecedent bx will occur

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77
Q

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a bx will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and

a. is really the same as punishment
b. effectively lowers the frequency of bx in young children
c. is not the same thing as punishment
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization

A

c

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78
Q

Punishment

a. is the same as negative reinforcement
b. is much more effective than reinforcement
c. decreases the probability that a bx will occur
d. is used extensively in reality therapy

A

c.

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79
Q

In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ______, and the meat was the ______.

a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR

A

a. conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli

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80
Q

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

a. is irrelevant - it does not influence the learning process
b. is 5 seconds
c. is the .05 level according to the social scientists
d. is .5 or 1/2 of a second

A

d.

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81
Q

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the (CS_. This usually results in

a. increased learning
b. anger on the part of the dog
c. experimental neurosis
d. no conditioning

A

d.

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82
Q

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?

a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in
b. extinction
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation
d. stimulus descrimination

A

c. second order conditioning - stimulus generalization

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83
Q

The dept chairman found the poodle’s response to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating

a. experimental neurosis
b. irradiation
c. pica
d. stimulus discrimination

A

d. conditioning is fine tuned - specific stimulus

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84
Q

The dept chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case,

a. experimental neurosis set in
b. irradiation became a reality
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role
d. a covert process confounded the experiment

A

a. Pavlov - experimental neurosis - differentiation process becomes too tough b/c the stimuli are almost identical

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85
Q

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as

a. instrumental learning via shaping
b. positive reinforcement
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear
d. negative reinforcement

A

c. Extinction occurs when the CS is “not” reinforced via the US

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86
Q

John B. Watson’s name is associated with

a. Little Hans
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert
d. b and c

A

c. Little Albert

87
Q

During a family counseling session, a 6 yr old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the bx. The counselor is practicing

a. negative reinforcement
b. chaining
c. reciprocal inhibition
d. extinction

A

d. extinction

88
Q

In general, bx modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while bx therapy emphasizes ______.

a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c

A

d. mod - skinner

89
Q

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished

a. using hypnosis
b. by charting the occurrence of the bx prior to any therapeutic intervention
c. using a biofeedback device
d. counterconditioning

A

b

90
Q

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by

a. E. Thorndike
b. Joseph Wolpe
c. Neal Miller
d. Ivan Pavlov

A

c. Neal Miller - biofeedback, help clients control autonomic responses

91
Q

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that

a. a phobia could be a learned bx
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model was correct
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct
d. none of the above

A

a. phobia could be learned

92
Q

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to

a. cure
b. Skinner
c. Piaget
d. NLP

A

a. cure

93
Q

In the famous Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate

a. panic disorder with agoraphobia
b. stimulus generalization
c. an adjustment reaction
d. stimuli discrimination

A

b.

94
Q

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on

a. Pavlov’s dogs
b. Mary Cover Jones
c. John B. Watson
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis

A

d.

95
Q

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means

a. she is nondirective
b. she is very directive
c. a treatment model
d. she is not a depth psychologist

A

c. tx model

96
Q

A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is

a. using interpretation
b. using summarization
c. using concreteness
d. using a depth psychology paradigm

A

c. concreteness - “specificity”

97
Q

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using

a. concreteness
b. a directive
c. interpretation
d. parroting

A

b. directive - a suggestion

98
Q

_______ is a biofeedback device.

A

a. provides bio info

99
Q

Johnny just loves M&M’s but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&M’s every night after he finishes his hw. This is an example of

a. punishment
b. biofeedback
c. a Pavlovian strategy
d. positive reinforcement

A

d. increase a bx

100
Q

Genuineness, or congruence, is really

a. identical to concreteness
b. selective empathy
c. the counselor’s ability to be himself or herself
d. an archaic Freudian notion

A

c.

101
Q

Empathy is

a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client
b. behavioristic
c. a and b
d. the same as sympathy

A

a.

102
Q

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _______, and when something is taken away it is called a ______.

a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction, shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

A

b.

103
Q

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov’s, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called

a. extinction
b. token reinforcement
c. biofeedback
d. higher order conditioning

A

d. higher order

104
Q

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize

a. a temperature trainer
b. EMG feedback
c. EEG feedback
d. EKG feedback.

A

a.

105
Q

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on

a. the Jacobson relaxation method
b. GSR feedback
c. EMG feedback
d. a simple yet effective mood ring

A

c.

106
Q

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure

a. a lower-probability bx is reinforced by a higher probability bx
b. a higher-probability bx is reinforced by a lower probability bx
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective
d. none of the above

A

a

107
Q

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize

a. EMG feedback
b. GSR feedback
c. EEG feedback
d. EKG feedback

A

c. EEG - brain

108
Q

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as

a. an intermittent schedule
b. an extinction schedule
c. continuous reinforcement
d. thinning

A

c.

109
Q

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _______, based on number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed.

a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous

A

a.

110
Q

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each 5 math problems she completes
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio

A

d.

111
Q

Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for

a. standard units of dysfunction
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction
c. subjective units of distress scale
d. standard units of dysfunction scale

A

c.

112
Q

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as

a. a primary reinforcer
b. covert processing
c. secondary reinforcement
d. SUDS

A

c.

113
Q

A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is

a. a negative reinforcer
b. a back-up reinforcer
c. an average stimulus
d. a conditioned reinforcer

A

b. backup - item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens

114
Q

An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called

a. systematic desensitization
b. biofeedback
c. back-up reinforcement
d. aversive conditioning

A

d.

115
Q

A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be

a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane
c. imagining a flight in an airplane
d. an actual flight in an airplane

A

a

116
Q

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as:

a. conscious rehearsal
b. behavioral rehearsal
c. fixed role therapy
d. a and b

A

b.

117
Q

Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps

a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization

A

d.

118
Q

Desensitization in imagination is better known as _________.

A

interposition

119
Q

________ is behavioral sex therapy.

a. classical vegotherapy
b. orgone box therapy
c. conditioned reflex therapy
d. sensate focus

A

d. Sensate focus therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson

120
Q

A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called

a. behavioral rehearsal
b. in vivo sensitization
c. covert sensitization
d. in vivo desensitization

A

c. covert = imagine

121
Q

One distinction between flooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that

a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination
b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination
c. flooding is always safer
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous

A

a. implosive therapy - imagination

122
Q

Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because

a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique
b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning
c. extinction works more quickly
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression

A

d.

123
Q

A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that

a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic
b. the counselor is utilizing too many close-ended questions
c. the counselor’s timing is poor in terms of interpretation
d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process

A

b. closed ended questions can be answered with yes or no.

124
Q

A client remarked that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, “Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?” This is an example of

a. EMDR
b. accurate empathy
c. confrontation
d. sympathy

A

d.

125
Q

A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client’s statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as

a. desirable attending bx
b. parroting and is not recommended
c. level 3 on the empathy scale
d. paradoxical intention

A

b.

126
Q

Robert R. Carkhuff empathy scale

A

Level 1 - not attending or detracting significantly from ct’s verbal and bx expressions
Level 2 - subtracts noticeable affect from the communication
Level 3 - feelings expressed by the client are basically interchangeable with the client’s meaning and affect
Level 4 - counselor adds noticeably to the clients’s affect
Level 5 - counselor adds significantly to the ct’s feelings, meaning even in the ct’s deepest moments

127
Q

Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means

a. healing through meaning
b. healing through the unconscious
c. logic cures
d. all of the above

A

a. Frankl is also known as Father of paradoxical intention - advising the client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunctional bx in the imagination

128
Q

All of these philosophers are existentialists except:

a. Plato and Epictetus
b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss
c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich
d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers

A

a.

129
Q

Although bx therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for

a. being too short-term
b. overemphasizing techniques
c. ignoring group strategies
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

A

d.

130
Q

Existentialists focus primarily on

a. the teenage years
b. the client’s perception in the here-and-now
c. childhood traumas
d. uplifting childhood memories

A

b

131
Q

Existential counselors as well as Rogerian Person-Centered counselors adhere to what Buber called the I-Thou r/s which asserts that

a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers
b. the relationship is vertical
c. the relationship is horizontal
d. empathy is not necessary

A

c. equality

132
Q

Frankl is an existentialist. So are

a. Ellis and Perls
b. Perls and Stampfl
c. Yalom and May
d. Janov and Beck

A

c. Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the US. Yalom - group therapy

133
Q

Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _______ world.

a. unconscious; preconscious, conscious
b. id; ego; superego
c. self-identity; relationship; physical
d. physical; relationship, identity

A

d.

134
Q

Frankl’s experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him

a. the value of S-R psychological paradigms
b. that you can’t control the environment, but you can control your response
c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic
d. how to blame the environment for our difficulties

A

b.

135
Q

Existential counselors emphasize the clients’

a. free choice, decision, and will
b. transference
c. slips of tongue
d. latent dream symbolism

A

a.

136
Q

Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is

a. mental visualization for the tx of cancer
b. the impact of cancer on emotions
c. a cancerous growth in the brain
d. the philosophy of being and existing

A

d.

137
Q

Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to

a. rational therapy
b. reality therapy
c. rational-emotive imagery
d. RBT

A

b. Glasser is father of reality therapy

138
Q

Reality therapy has incorporated

a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory
b. rational imagery
c. TA principles
d. rolfing

A

a

139
Q

All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except

a. the client’s childhood is explored
b. excuses are not accepted
c. the unconscious is avoided
d. therapy is concerned primarily with the here-and-now

A

a.

140
Q

A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor’s own words is using

a. contracting
b. confrontation
c. paraphrasing
d. parroting

A

c.

141
Q

Most experts would agree that ______ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.

a. paraphrasing by the counselor
b. open-ended questions
c. role rehearsal
d. silence

A

d. silence

142
Q

When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on

a. failures
b. irrational internal verbalizations
c. transference issues
d. successful bx

A

d. Glasser believes that dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept - or “failure identity”

143
Q

Glasser’s position on mental illness is that

a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
c. it is best explained by ICD categories
d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict

A

b.

144
Q

The r/s that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is

a. detached but very empathic
b. like that of a warm caring mother
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong
d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate

A

c.

145
Q

Glasser’s theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote

a. Choice Theory
b. The Interpretation of Dreams
c. Positive Addiction
d. Schools Without Failure

A

d.

146
Q

Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts

a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up
b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action
c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions
d. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality

A

a.

147
Q

According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be

a. jogging
b. gambling
c. playing the office football pool
d. playing professional football

A

a. jogging

148
Q

When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using

a. paraphrasing
b. reflection
c. summarization
d. confrontation

A

c.

149
Q

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity.

a. failure
b. success
c. diffused
d. crisis-oriented

A

b. success

150
Q

William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to

a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
b. Transactional analysis (TA)
c. Assertiveness training (AT)
d. Gestalt therapy

A

a. REBT

151
Q

In Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as

a. self-talk
b. internal verbalizations
c. impulses
d. a and b

A

d. Talk sense to yourself, when you change your thinking, you can change your life

152
Q

The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be

a. Buber
b. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think
c. Locke
d. Jaspers

A

b. Epictetus

153
Q

REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ______, B is the ________, and C is the _______.

a. affect, belief, and control
b. activating agent, belief system, emotional consequence
c. affect, bx, control
d. authenticity, belief, emotional consequence

A

b.

154
Q

The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, _____ leads to E, ________.

a. the dogmatic attitude; effective bx
b. direct living, evaluation
c. disputing the irrational bx at B; a new emotional consequence
d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence

A

c.

155
Q

A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of

a. bibliotherapy
b. countertransference
c. musturbation
d. concreteness

A

a.

156
Q

Shoulds and oughts are _______ according to Ellis.

a. musturbations
b. masturbations
c. awfulizations
d. rational

A

a.

157
Q

A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most terrible thing in the world.” This client is engaging in

a. rational self-talk
b. self-induced empathy
c. cognitive restructuring
d. awfulizing and terribilizing, also known as catastrophizing

A

d.

158
Q

Bibliotherapy is a form of

a. psychodynamic intervention
b. homework
c. displacement
d. musturbation

A

b. homework

159
Q

Ellis feels that _____ is at the core of emotional disturbance

a. a trauma before age 5
b. a current traumatic activating event
c. irrational thinking at point B
d. repression of key feelings

A

c.

160
Q

Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to

a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones
b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts
c. allowing the client to purge feelings
d. uncovering relevant unconscious material

A

a.

161
Q

Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist’s new animal study, related to the psychotherapeutic process since

a. he does not believe in the scientific method
b. the study would not take transference into account
c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing
d. only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)

A

d.

162
Q

Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ______ are to Glasser’s Choice Theory

a. contracting
b. pictures of the mind
c. lack of punishment
d. a therapeutic plan

A

b. Glasser insists that bx is internally motivated and we choose our actionsontgr

163
Q

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. is to

a. RBT
b. AT
c. TA
d. S-R research

A

a. RBT - rational behavior therapy

164
Q

Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that

a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in case of phobia
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in case of anxiety

A

a.

165
Q 
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation is
a. Albert Ellis
b. Donald Meichenbaum
c. Maxie C. Maultsby Jr
D. Aaron T. Beck
A

b. Meicehnbaum’s approach is called “self-instructional therapy”. Three phases to stress-inoculation technique

  1. client is involved in an “educational phase”
  2. clients are taught to rehearse new self-talk “rehearsal phase”
  3. “application phase”
166
Q

Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello? TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _______ in the tx process.

a. Meichenbaum’s self-instructional therapy
b. reality therapy
c. gestalt therapy
d. vegotherapy

A

c

167
Q

Berne suggested three ego states; the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The parent ego state is compose of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the _______.

a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent
c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent
d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent

A

a.

168
Q

The Adult ego state

a. contains the “shoulds” and “oughts”
b. is the seat of feelings
c. is like Freud’s superego
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings

A

d. also known as “neopsyche”

169
Q

The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as

a. the Natural Child
b. the Adapted Child
c. the Little Professor
d. all of the above

A

d. also called the “archaeopsyche”, resembles Freud’s id

  • natural child - naturally, spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained
  • little professor - acts on hunches, creative and intuition
  • adapted child - learns how to comply
170
Q

TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions

a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel
b. are known as crossed transactions
c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states
d. are always empathic

A

a. “complementary” transaction - get an appropriate predicted response

171
Q

TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris’s book, I’m OK - You’re OK. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognitions. A person categorized by the position “I’m OK - You’re Not OK”

a. is generally self-abusive
b. blames others for misery
c. generally engages in self mutilation
d. is generally suicidal

A

b.

172
Q

A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Karpman’s triangle would say

a. the man is stuck in the “I’m Not OK - You’re Not OK” life position
b. the Critical parent is dominating
c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role

A

d. Karpman - 3 roles
1. persecutor
2. rescuer
3. victim

173
Q

A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?

a. the empty chair technique
b. an ego state analysis
c. contracting
d. formal assertive training

A

c. contracting

174
Q

A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?

a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game
c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved
d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication

A

b.

175
Q

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

a. rackets
b. life scripts
c. the little professor
d. an analysis of variance

A

a. rackets are when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling

176
Q

A life script is actually

a. an ulterior transaction
b. an ego state
c. a life drama or plot
d. a series of parallel transactions

A

c. a life drama or plot
never scripts - person who never feels he or she will succeed
always scripts - individuals who will always remain a given way
after scripts - result in a way a person believes he or she will behave after a certain event occurs
open ended scripts - person has no direction or plan
until scripts - client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives
desirable scripts/less desirable scripts

177
Q

Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to

a. the empty chair technique
b. Gestalt therapy
c. the underdog
d. the top dog

A

b. Gestalt

178
Q

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of

a. Perls and Berne
b. Ellis and Harper
c. Frankl and May
d. Carkhuff and Gazda

A

d. Carkhuff and Gazda

179
Q

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of

a. Bandler and Grinder’s neurolinquistic programming
b. New language programs forcomputer therapy
c. New language psychotherapy software
d. neurological psychotherapy

A

a.

180
Q

A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client’s projection via

a. playing the projection technique
b. the empty chair technique
c. converting questions to statements
d. a behavioral contract

A

a.

181
Q

A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely

a. ask the client to recount a dream
b. urge the client to engage in thought-stopping
c. prescribe relaxation homework
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling

A

d.

182
Q

Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles

a. successive approximation
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson
c. free association
d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection

A

b.

183
Q

A client who is undergoing gestalt therapy states, “It is difficult to get a job in New York City,” would be asked by the counselor to

a. go to the O.Net website which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation;s primary source of occupational information
b. change the verbalization to an “I” statement
c. read the OOH
d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

A

b.

184
Q

Gestalt Therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here-and-now incorporates

a. psychodrama
b. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts
c. Conditioned Reflex Therapy
d. Client-Centered Therapy

A

a.

185
Q

According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging in

a. sublimation
b. a panic reaction
c. retroflection
d. repression

A

c. Retroflection is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else.

186
Q

Gestalt means

a. a group
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole
c. a dyad
d. visual acuity

A

b. Gestalt imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts

187
Q

Perls suggested ____ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability

a. four layers of neurosis
b. three layers of neurosis
c. two layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis

A

d. 5 layers
1. phony layer
2. phobic layer
3. impasse layer
4. implosive layer
5. explosive layer

188
Q

In Gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as

a. unfinished business
b. the emerging gestalt
c. form/figure language
d. the top dog

A 
a. 
Gestalt principles
1. insight learning
2. unfinished business
3. phi-phenomenon
189
Q

Gestalt therapy emphasizes

a. cognitive-behavioral issues
b. transference issues
c. traumatic childhood memories
d. awareness in the here-and-now and dream work

A

d. person must experience awareness for growth

190
Q

The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of

a. behavioral self-control
b. choice theory
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique
d. the rehearsal experiment

A

c.

191
Q

Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that

a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams
b. ignores nonverbal bx
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns
d. uses the making the rounds technique that is not appropriate for group work

A

c. gestalt therapy emphasizes increasing psychological as well as bodily awareness

192
Q

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during

a. the late 1970s (biofeedback, behavior modification, crisis hotline)
b. the late 1960s (competition)
c. the 1980s (licensing, improvement in professional organizations)
d. the mid 1950s (counseling)

A

b. 1960s

193
Q

The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress _____ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.

a. faster
b. slower
c. at the same pace
d. a and b

A

b. slower

194
Q

The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph. D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called _____ then _____, and in 1974 it changed to ______.

a. nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the person-centered approach
b. directive; nondirective; client-centered
c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirectived
d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective

A

a.

195
Q

Rogers’ approach is characterized as a(n) ______ approach.

a. existential or humanistic
b. cognitive
c. cognitive behavioral
d. neodynamic

A

a.

196
Q

Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?

a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice
b. advice is given a lot
c. Reflection is rarely utilized
d. Close-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast pace

A

a.

197
Q

In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess

a. the skill to be confrontational
b. the ability to give advice
c. the ability to do formal psychological testing
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable “I-Thou” r/s

A

d.

198
Q

Rogers viewed man as

a. basically evil
b. driven by instincts
c. a product of reinforcement
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment

A

d.

199
Q

Name their theory

a. Rogers
b. Berne
c. Freud
d. Ellis
e. Perls
f. Glasser
g. Adler
h. Jung
i. Skinner
j. Bandura
k. Frankl
l. Williamson

A

a. Person-centered - individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
b. Transactional Analysis - msgs learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, intervention can change its script
c. Psychoanalysis - deterministic, ppl are controlled by biological instincts, driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression
d. REBT - ppl have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently
e. Gestalt - Ppl are not bad or good. Ppl have capacity to govern life effectively as “whole”
f. Reality - Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others
g. Individual - man is basically good; bx is determined via birth order
h. Analytic - Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment
i. Behavioral Modification - humans are like other animals; mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies
j. Neobehavioristic - person produces and is a product of conditioning
k. Logotherapy - Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice
l. Trait-Factor - through education and scientific data, men can become himself. Man is mainly rational not intuitive

200
Q

A person-centered therapist would

a. treat neurotics differently from psychotics
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles
c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions
d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress

A

b.

201
Q

Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when

a. external bx matches an internal response or state
b. the counselor uses silence
c. the counselor reflects emotion
d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session

A

a.

202
Q

Rogers felt that ______ for client change to occur.

a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem
b. three conditions are necessary
c. nine conditions are necessary
d. two conditions are necessary

A

b. 3 conditions

congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding

203
Q

Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with:

a. a bright verbal male
b. a bright verbal female
c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology
d. a client who is not very verbal

A

d.

204
Q

Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that

a. it does not emphasize r/s concerns
b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling
c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations
d. b and c

A

d.

205
Q

Counselors who work as consultants

a. generally adhere to reality therapy
b. generally adhere to one single theory
c. generally adhere to consultation theory
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory

A

d.

206
Q

Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a _____ setting.

a. group
b. work/organizational
c. continuing care
d. residential

A

b.

207
Q

Attending behavior that is verbal is also called

a. verbal tracking
b. clarifying
c. reflection
d. paraphrasing

A

a.

208
Q

The counselor’s social power is related to

a. age
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness
c. sex and age
d. degree of directiveness

A

b.

209
Q

Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor’s self-image are

a. choice of a modality and a learning disability
b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree
c. lack of NCC
d. competence, power, and intimacy

A

d.

210
Q

A counselor who is genuine

a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client
b. does not change his or her true values from session to session
c. is not empathic
d. a and b

A

d.

211
Q

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive
b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice
c. basic, subtractive, and additive
d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy

A

c. basic - counselor’s response is on the same level as the client’s
subtractive - counselor’s bx does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated
additive adds to the client’s understanding and awareness

212
Q

_______ and _____ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.

a. Truax; Carkhuff
b. Rogers; Berenson
c. Rogers; Brill
d. Carkhuff; Satir

A

a.

213
Q

The human relations core for effective counseling includes

a. power, competence, and trustworthiness
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness
c. empathy, positive regard, and genuineness
d. self-image, self-talk, and attending bx

A

c.

NCE Exam Prep 2020 (34 decks)

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