Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are:
a. psychometric.
b. psychodiagnostic.
c. psychopharmacological.
d. psychosocial.
d. psychosocial.
In Freudian theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
a. emphasize id processes.
b. refute the concept of the superego.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
d. are sometimes known as radical behaviorists.
c. believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior.
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Milton H. Erickson.
c. A. A. Brill.
d. Jean Piaget.
a. Erik Erikson.
The statement, “the ego is dependent on the id,” would most likely reflect the work of
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. Jay Haley.
d. Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan.
b. Sigmund Freud.
Jean Piaget’s theory has four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
a. formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations,
sensorimotor.
b. formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations,
sensorimotor.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal
operations.
d. concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal
operations.
c. sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of the Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as
a. he utilized the t test too frequently.
b. he failed to check for type 1 or alpha errors.
c. he worked primarily with minority children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own
children.
d. his findings were often derived from observing his own children.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
a. symbolic schema.
b. conservation.
c. androgynous psychosocial issues.
d. trust versus mistrust.
b. conservation.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
a. volume or mass.
b. defenses of the ego.
c. the sensorimotor intelligence stage.
d. a specifi
c psychosexual stage of life.
a. volume or mass.
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
a. formal operations—12 years and older.
b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.
c. preoperations—ages 2 to 7.
d. sensorimotor intelligence—birth to 2 years.
b. concrete operations—ages 7 to 11.
_______ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.
a. Erik Erikson
b. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. John B. Watson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
a. that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift.
b. the child is ambidextrous.
c. the child is more cognizant of mass than weight.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
d. one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of
a. egocentrism.
b. conservation.
c. centration.
d. abstract thought.
a. egocentrism.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a. a single level of morality.
b. two levels of morality.
c. three levels of morality.
d. preoperational thought as the basis for all morality.
c. three levels of morality.
The Heinz story is to Kohlberg’s theory as
a. a brick is to a house.
b. Freud is to Jung.
c. the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
d. a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
a. counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients. b. Erikson. c. Adler. d. Jung.
b. Erikson.
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
b. formal, preformal, self-accepted.
c. self-accepted, other directed, authority directed.
d. preconventional, formal, authority directed.
a. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.
Trust versus mistrust is
a. an Adlerian notion of morality.
b. Erik Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
c. essentially equivalent to Piaget’s concept of egocentrism.
d. the basis of morality according to Kohlberg.
b. Erik Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development.
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage,
a. generativity versus stagnation.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. identity crisis of the later years.
d. integrity versus despair.
d. integrity versus despair.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. consequences.
c. periodic fugue states.
d. counterconditioning.
b. consequences.
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a. psychosexual urges.
b. a desire to live up to society’s expectations.
c. a desire to conform.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual
a. must truly contend with psychosexual urges.
b. has the so-called “good boy/good girl” orientation.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
d. a and b.
c. has self-imposed morals and ethics.
According to Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a. refers to the Naive Hedonism stage.
b. operates on the premise that rewards guide morals.
c. a and b.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people
never reach this level.
d. is the highest level of morality. However, some people
never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
b. was pioneered by Piaget and Kohlberg.
c. emphasized organ inferiority.
d. a, b, and c.
a. was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
Freud and Erikson
a. could be classified as behaviorists.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
c. agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual.
d. were prime movers in the biofeedback movement.
b. could be classified as maturationists.
John Bowlby’s name is most closely associated with
a. the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Gesell, a maturationist.
b. developmental stage theories.
c. bonding and attachment.
d. the unconscious mind.
c. bonding and attachment.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?
a. generativity versus stagnation
b. integrity versus despair
c. a and b
d. Erikson’s stages do not address midlife issues
a. generativity versus stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a. Harry Harlow.
b. John Bowlby.
c. Lawrence Kohlberg.
d. all of the above.
a. Harry Harlow.
The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is
a. false.
b. true due to a genetic flaw commonly found in women.
c. true only in middle-aged men.
d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.
d. true according to research by Maccoby and Jacklin.
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
a. actually the major theme in all of Erikson’s eight stages.
b. generativity versus stagnation—ages 35 to 60.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.
d. a critical factor Erikson fails to mention.
c. intimacy versus isolation—ages 23 to 34.
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
a. a 19-year-old male college student.
b. 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band.
c. a 57-year old female stockbroker.
d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.
d. a 13-year-old male middle school student.
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys
a. a wire mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry cloth version.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth
mother surrogate than a wire surrogate mother.
c. female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
d. male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol.
b. the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry cloth
- Freud postulated psychosexual stages
a. id, ego, and superego.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
c. eros, thanatos, regression, and superego.
d. manifest, latent, oral, and phallic.
b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
- In adolescence
a. females commit suicide more than males.
b. suicide is a concern but statistically very rare.
c. the teens who talk about suicide are not serious.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
d. males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often.
In the general population
a. the suicide rate is 2/100,000.
b. suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.
d. b and c.
c. suicide rates tend to increase with age.
The fear of death
a. is greatest during middle age.
b. is an almost exclusively male phenomenon.
c. is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric
years.
d. surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years.
a. is greatest during middle age.
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a. in the preconscious mind.
b. in the mind of the child in latency.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.
d. a and b.
c. which evolves primarily during the oral age.
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that
a. girls grow up to smile more.
b. girls are using more feeling words by age 2.
c. girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is
a. oral.
b. anal.
c. phallic.
d. latency.
d. latency.
In terms of parenting young children
a. boys are punished more than girls.
b. girls are punished more than boys.
c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion.
d. boys show more caregiver behavior.
a. boys are punished more than girls.
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence
development.
b. the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes.
c. a and b.
d. a theory proposed by Skinner’s colleagues.
a. how much heredity or environment interact to influence
development.
