Helping Relationships Flashcards
Roger’s 6 Conditions for Change
Psychological contact, client incongruence, counselor congruence, counselor unconditional positive regard, counselor empathy, client perception of the relationship
5 Factor Model OCEAN
(Personality breakdown) Openness, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Stages of counseling (3 key stages)
Relationship building, action/intervention, termination
Stages of Change (SOC)
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination (Prochaska, DiClemente, Norcross)
Precontemplation
Unaware problem exists, and no intention to change. People often in counseling bc of other’s pressure
Contemplation
People aware that a problem exists and realize benefits to change. Think about cons of changing though
Preparation
Not yet able to take successful action to change, but fully intending to make changes in near future
Action
People begin to modify their behaviors and take visible action towards change
Maintenance
Individuals free from original problem and able to sustain action for extended periods of time, preventing relapse
Termination
Change process completed
Psychological first aid
Used to respond to people who experienced disaster, terror attack, or other disturbing event. Basic needs must be met first, then connect individual to family/community
Attending (2 types of encouragers) (counseling skill)
Verbal and nonverbal, used by counselor to show they are actively listening and interested. 2 types of encouragers (door openers, and minimal encourages)
Questioning (2 types) (counseling skill)
Open and closed
Reflecting (counseling skill)
Used to show you understand the client’s emotions. Express empathy, encourage further discussion
Paraphrasing (counseling skill)
Repeating the essence of what client has said in your own words
Summarizing (counseling skill)
Use at end of session to recap
Empathetic understanding (counseling skill)
Counselor’s ability to accurately understand client’s perspective in situation, but remain separate from client’s experience
Confronting (counseling skill)
Inform clients about discrepancies in their words/behaviors/feelings/nonverbal communication in order to increase self awareness
Interpreting (counseling skill)
Suggest possible reasons for client behavior/thoughts/feelings, help them find hidden meaning
Self-disclosure (counseling skill)
Sharing personal info to help connect with client, give feedback
Feedback (counseling skill)
Share thoughts, feelings, impressions about the client directly with him/her. Help client gain self awareness
Giving information (counseling skill)
Provide client with info to help achieve goals
Psychodynamic Theorists
Freud, Adler, Jung
Determinism
People’s actions are predetermiend by forces of which they are unaware
Psychoanalysis
Freud, unconscious, unresolved psychosexual development, coping mechanisms
Conscious mind
Aware of everything occuring in the present
Preconscious mind
memories and knowledge that are easily recalled
Unconscious mind
Memories, instincts, drives that are difficult to bring to consciousness
Id
pleasure principle, selfish, primitive drives
Ego
Reality principle, balances id and superego
Superego
Morality principle, exists in unconsicous. Urges you to do the right thing
Transference
Client brings feelings from past relationship onto the counseling relationship
Countertransference
Clinician transfer feelings from past relationship onto client
Free association (psychoanalytic techniques)
Client decrease self-censorship, explore unconscious, speak about early life memories
Dream analysis (psychoanalytic techniques)
Clients asked to pay attention and remember dreams, then psychoanalyst interprets dreams
Manifest content (psychoanalytic techniques)
Symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived
Latent content (psychoanalytic techniques)
Symbolism in dreams that is harder to understand
Individual Psychology
Adler
Inferiority complex
feeling inferior to others. affects ability to live healthy lives.
Superiority complex
stems from overcompensation
Birth order: Firstborn
leaders of family
Second children
Try to different from firstborn, competitive. More relaxed and easy going. More time getting parents attn
Middle children
Often feel left out, but adaptable
Youngest Children
pampered, spoiled, hard time acting independently
Only children
Not as socially adept. Spoiled, but often excel in pursuits
Phenomenological philosophy
Person’s perception of events that influence lifestyle
Lifestyle analysis (adlerian technique)
Interview clients about early life memories, relationships with family
Encouragement (adlerian technique)
Counselor tells client they can make important lifestyle changes
Acting “as if” (adlerian technique)
Act as if you are confident in yourself. Act like person you want to be
Asking the question (adlerian technique)
How would your life be different if you were well?
Spitting in client’s soup (adlerian technique)
point out certain client behaviors so that behavior no longer seems as desirable to client
Catching oneself (adlerian technique)
gain awareness of self defeating thoughts and behaviors
Push button (adlerian technique)
teach client they play a role in maintaining their problems. They have control over who they respond to, perceive, and recollect people and events
Jungian Analytic Psychology
Focus on larger culture, spirituality, dreams, symbolism
Individuation (Jung)
Discovering one’s true inner self
Personal unconscious (Jung)
Unique to individual and includes memories, desires, drives that at one time were conscious but have been forgotten
Collective unconcious (Jung)
Shared by entire human race, archetypes (overarching human tendencies)
Archetypes (Jung)
Inherent templates for human thought/behavior
The self (archetypes) (Jung)
conscious and unconscious aspects of person. primary archetype
The persona (archetypes) (Jung)
Mask that humans wear. Allows people to change their behavior depending on social situation
Shadow (archetypes) (Jung)
repressed or unknown aspects of each person. destructive or constructive. Positive and negative
Anima/Animus (archetypes) (Jung)
Anima: female traits (irrational), animus: male (rational)
Complex (Jung)
Develops as a result of repressed thoughts and desires in unconsious
Personality Types (Jung)
Introversion/Extraversion, sensation/intuition, thinking/feeling (MBTI)
Dream interpretation (Jung)
help clients understand personal meaning behind dreams
Explication (Jung)
Used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appear in their dreams
Amplification (Jung)
Amplify an image of dream. Help analyst identify central archetypes and possible meanings behind dreams
Active Imagination (Jung)
clients actively talk to the characters in their dreams
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
Aaron Beck, REBT (Ellis), Meichenbaum, Reality Choice (Glasser)
Shaping (behavioral counseling technique)
technique that reinforces successive approximations of a desired behavior (client afraid of flying encouraged to just go to the airport)
Maintenance (behavioral counseling technique)
clients’ ability to perform desired behavior without reinforcement or help
Extinction (behavioral counseling technique)
termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement
behavioral rehearsal/role-playing (behavioral counseling technique)
clients practice/rehearse new behaviors in safe environment until they feel confident
Environmental planning (behavioral counseling technique)
have clients rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors
Assertiveness training (behavioral counseling technique)
teach clients difference between aggression, passivity, assertiveness
Contingency contracts (behavioral counseling technique)
list of desired behaviors in chart or table. mostly with children
token economy (behavioral counseling technique)
most with children. tokens for good behavior. can be traded for primary reinforcers
response cost (behavioral counseling technique)
reduce undesirable behavior by removing positive reinforcement
Implosion/implosive therapy (behavioral counseling technique)
have clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them anxiety until they become desensitized to them
time out (behavioral counseling technique)
punishment that removes child so they cant receive positive reinforcement
Overcorrection (behavioral counseling technique)
punishment that requires client to return environment to original condition prior to undesirable behavior and then make the environment better (child who throws tantrum and toys everywhere has to then pick up toys but also sweep floor)
Cognitive-behavior modification (Meichenbaum)
Self-talk to change the way you react/respond to situations. Cognitive restructuring, self-instructional training, stress inoculation training (SIT)
Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)
If clients can change cognitions, they can change their negative thoughts/feelings/actions.
Automatic thoughts (Beck)
immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions
Dichotomous thinking (distorted thinking - Beck)
All-or-nothing thinking. must be perfect.
Selective abstraction (distorted thinking - Beck)
When people focus only on negative aspects of situation, rather than looking at big picture
Overgeneralization (distorted thinking - Beck)
clients reach conclusion based on limited information or experience
Catastrophize (distorted thinking - Beck)
Exaggerate personal flaws or sitautions
Labeling (distorted thinking - Beck)
people define themselves according to perceived imperfections
Mind reading (distorted thinking - Beck)
people believe they know what others are thinking about htem
Fortune telling (distorted thinking - Beck)
when people anticipate without any reason that something bad will happen
Cognitive rehearsal (cog therapy techniques)
help clients practice using their new thoughts before implementing in real situation
Homework (cog therapy techniques)
reinforce learning and skill acquisition outside of therapy
Scriptotherapy (cog therapy techniques)
therapeutic writing - write their thoughts
Thought stopping (cog therapy techniques)
teach clients how to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking.
REBT (Ellis)
ABCDE, irrational thoughts
Irrational thoughts (Ellis)
must, should, have to, supposed to
ABCDE of REBT (Ellis)
Activating event, Belief system (rational or irrational), emotional Consequence (beneficial or detrimental), irrational believes must be Disputed, and develop Effective new philosophy
Reverse role-playing (REBT techniques)
use to show clients how to dispute iBs. dispute irrational beliefs
Rational emotive imagery (REBT techniques)
client asked to imagine anxiety-provoking situation. client urged to flood self with all iBs. then construct new belief
Reality Therapy and Choice Theory (Glasser)
people make choices to their 5 needs: survival, belonging, power, freedom, fun. Reality therapy helps people regain control over choices in their lives
WDEP (Reality therapy)
Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Plan
Humanistic-Existentail Theories
Client-centered (Rogers), Existential (Frankl, May, Yalom, Gestalt (Perls),
Client-centered (Rogers)
Client set pace of counseling and determine focus for each session. Concentrate on good therapeutic relationship
Phenomenological persective (client-centered)
counselors focus on how clients perceive and event rather than the event itself
Core counseling conditions
Genuineness/congruence, respect/unconditional positive regard, empathy
Existential (Frankl and May)
Help clients find meaning and value in their lives, and explore philosophical concepts (life, death, freedom)
Free will (existential)
Existentialists believe that people have free will, and everyone has ability to change their lives, improve relationships,e tc
Logotherapy (Frankl)
focus on persons’ search for meaning in life
Existential vacuum (frankl)
without meaning, clients experience this. meaningless.
Existential dilemmas (Yalom)
Death, freedom/responsibility, isolation, meaninglessness
Anxiety (Rollo May)
explore clients’ anxiety, find meaning in it, help them work through it
Paradoxical intention (existential techniques)
prescribe the symptom
Gestalt (Perls)
Takes into consideration the whole person
4 worlds
Umwelt (physical dimension), mitwelt (social world), eigenwelt (my world), uberwelt (ideal world)
Homeostasis (Gestalt-Perls)
Humans seek to maintain a sense of balance. Can be mental or physical
Holistic Doctrine (Gestalt-Perls)
Mind-body connection
Contact boundary (Gestalt-Perls)
When people make contact with their environment. Can be healthy or unhealthy.
Unfinished Business (Gestalt-Perls)
the past which remains in the present
Here and now therapy (Gestalt Techniques)
Clients encouraged to discuss what is bothering them in that moment
Psychodrama (Gestalt Techniques)
Have clients play variety of roles simultaneously.
Empty chair (Gestalt Techniques)
clients pretend to talk to someone in conflict with
Narrative therapy (White and Epston)
Individuals reauthor their lives. People construct stories about themselves (self-narratives). Problem saturated stories. Dominant narratives (cultural customs that adversely affect their lives)
Thin/thick descriptions (narrative)
Thin description: self narrative, one that is imposed on a person by others
Thick: client’s interpretation of themselves and the labels put on them by others
Outside witnesses (narrative techniques)
witnesses sometimes brought into session to help clients gain outside persepctive
Definitional ceremony (narrative techniques)
clients tell their new stories to an audience of outside witnesses.
Therapeutic letters (narrative techniques)
narrative therapists often write letters to clients after a session, to review what was discussed and highlight important moments
Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT - deShazer)
All individuals have ability to solve problems. change client and instill hope
SFBT Core beliefs
if clients are already doing something that works, keep doing it. If clients try something that doesnt work, stop doing it. if clients try something that works, do more of it
Visitors, Complainants, Customers (SFBT)
Visitors: clients who are not read or willing to change
Complainants: clients who recognize there is a problem and can define it but aren’t committed to solving it
Customers: recognize a problem to be fixed and are committed
Miracle question (SFBT technique)
if a miracle happened and you woke up to find that your problem was solved, what would be different?
Scaling questions (SFBT technique)
on a scale of 1 to 10, how close are you to meeting your goal?
Positive blame (SFBT technique)
reinforce client’s capabilities when they successfully made a change or engage in behavior that brings them closer to their goal
Skeleton keys (SFBT technique)
techniques that have worked before and have universal application
Transactional Analysis (Berne)
parent (criticism or nuturance), adult (rational, no emotion), child (natural (playful spontaneous) /adapted (obedience inhibition))
