theories of cognitive development book

Question 1

a lot of theories were made based in western observation which means they may not apply universally

Answer 1

object permanence have been showed not be presented at the same age around the world

Question 2

domain general

Answer 2

processes infants use to learn about the world, can be used across domains

usually domain general theories also proposes that infants can build their knowlodge from these general processes and do not require inate concepts. they require experiences

Question 3

domain specific

Answer 3

processes that are specialized for learning of a single domain

usually domain specific theories also proposes that infants are born with those concepts and do require inate concepts

Question 4

continious

Answer 4

building gradual and steady pace as infant’s knowledge flourishes over th first years

Question 5

discontineous

Answer 5

shifting in stages with thinking and understandings being completly different from previous stage

Question 6

piaget’s view of development

Answer 6

• interactionist theorist: both experience and innate mechanisms affects development
• domain general
• distountinous stage

Question 7

schema

Answer 7

a unit of thought or a mental representation , in infancy (sensorimotor stage) the shecemas are based on actions

Question 8

acomodation

Answer 8

occurs when infants encounter information in their enviroment thst do not match previous schemas and as a result, they must chane their schema

Question 9

assimilation

Answer 9

incoporation of new information in a pre existing schema

Question 10

sensorimotor stages:

Question 11

• reflexive schemas

birth to 1 month

Answer 11

• action refelexes

Question 12

primary circular reaction

1 - 4months

Answer 12

-actions becomes intentional
- first adaptions in schemas
- circular reaction: actions that are repeted because of their effect
- ex: sucking on thum because it feels good

Question 12

secondery circular reaction

4-8months

Answer 12

infants learn to produce intersting exterioir effects

Question 13

coordination of secondary circular reaction

8-12months

Answer 13

infants apply schemas to new situations

Question 14

tertiary circular reaction

12-18months

Answer 14

infants actively experiment as they manipulate objects

Question 15

mental represenation

18-24months

Answer 15

infants can represent objects synbolicly

Question 16

Vygotsky

Answer 16

differently then piaget that focused on the physical. he focused on social development in kids** (continious)**

he also belived that culture has an impact in development which piaget did not-different cultures assists childrens learning differetly

Question 17

how do child learn most effectively?

Answer 17

when the child do an activity that is just a little bit beyond their ability with the help of a person who is a little bit more knowledgeble in the ability (peers,parents,siblings)

Question 18

zone of proximl development

Answer 18

an activity where the child cannot do it by themselves but can do with the help of someone else

Question 19

information processing

Answer 19

this approch compares the human mind to a computer , emphasizes memory systems amd how information is taken in and processed to become stored memory

sensory registed > short memory>long term memory

-hardware-software

• contious and bauild on experiences

Question 20

core knowledge

spekal

Answer 20

thre are innate,domain specific processes for learning about the world

core domains

is continous,innate,domain specific,universal(NOT EXACTLY TRUE)

Question 21

systems and connectivities theories of cognitive development

Answer 21

interactions between innate and experiences to understand developmet

one domain development effects another domain development

children inpunts impact their development

Question 22

perception action :

Answer 22

infants perception and understanding of objects is related and due to their action on objects
ex:playing withit

Question 23

infants knowledge of object properties

Answer 23

spelk: belived that innately infants understand objects are solid and continious over space and time as her experiment of an object crossing a wall showed

perception action thorists:thie understanding of object properties are due to exploration of the kids part

Question 23

casual perception

Answer 23

recognition that one action causes another

infants can only percive casuality under simple conditions when there are fewer peaces of event to process

Question 24

egocentic

Answer 24

constrained to be understood onlyy in relation to ones body

Question 25

small-scale spatial information

Answer 25

• refers to the relations between the parts of an object
• how an object is orrientated in space
• relation between objects that are closer together
• if they are on top or bottom of another object ,to left or right

even young infants are sensitive to some small scale spatial information

Question 26

mental rotation

Answer 26

involves rotating n image of an object in your mind to determine in wheather it matches another image

5months looked longer at the view of the new object,apparently recognizing the view of the new objaect as familiar

boys were able to understand this better then girls

Question 27

egocentric frame of reference

Answer 27

infants use their own perspective and note where a particular location is in relation to their bodies

Question 28

allocentric frame of reference

Answer 28

locations are enconded in reference to a landmark

Question 29

object retrivel task

Answer 29

object is hidden (child sees that,and then they are put in the other side of the table

6-11 months use egocentric frame of reference (they dont find the bear- because they act in reference to themselves), they can use beacons to where an object is (point exactly where the object is) but not landmarks (where they are around)

Question 30

reorientation

Answer 30

• they might use geometric cues or landmarks(18months) to reorinetate themselves

Question 30

Numbers and infants

Answer 30

Infants can distinguish between small numbers (2,3) but not bigger numbers /ratios (8,12) but they can (8,16)

Core knologewd says this is innate as it helps humans survive

Question 31

Does mandarin speakers understand plural more then American kids ?

Answer 31

Thus, the advantage of Mandarin more transpar-endy coding numbers might help children once they have the basic idea of counting, but it does norseem to give them an advantage when they are first beginning to count.