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Infacy Psychology > SignLanguageAcquisition > Flashcards

SignLanguageAcquisition Flashcards

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1
Q

Language Acquisition:

A

IIlustrate parts of language and steps
in acquisition through sign language
acquisition

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2
Q

What are sign languages?

A

⚫Sign languages are a visual spatial system of communication used as the primary means of communication by communities of deaf people around the world

⚫ASL (American Sign Language), as used in Anglophone North America, is
completely different from BSL

⚫Indeed, there are 114 sign languages in the world

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3
Q

Knowledge of Sign Languages

A

⚫ Sign languages have existed for at < 2 millenia, but have been studied only in the past 40 years

⚫ Early studies focused on overcoming oralist biases

⚫ Showed that sign languages have complex phonology, morphology, syntax, & semantics

⚫ And that equally complex ideas can be communicated

⚫ (Hans Furth, “Thinking Without Language”)

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4
Q

Debates: Oralists vs. Deaf Culture

A

⚫ > 100 yrs, debates re optimal education

⚫ E.g., strong oralist traditions (eg. A Graham Bell)

⚫ But, rejection of deafness as a deficit that needs to be fixed

⚫ A different way of being in the world

⚫ Strong movement until recently for signing only, including signing only communities

⚫ Now, with cochlear implants, some accepting sign plus spoken language…issues…

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5
Q

Like any other language

A

⚫ Requires a community to be used – need a critical mass of users

⚫ A child alone, without other humans, will not develop language

⚫ A deaf child in a hearing family, will invent “home signs”

Regular across situations, some combining

Sometimes hearing people use in return, sometimes not

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6
Q

Like any other language

A

⚫ Until about 40 years ago, no critical mass in Nicaragua

⚫ Then, children brought together into a school

⚫ Developed a pidgin, and then a creole

⚫ Now a complex languag

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7
Q

American Sign Language (ASL)

A
  • based in french
  • Natural signed language used in the U.S, English-speaking Canada, & parts of Mexico
  • Approximately 2 million signers
  • History of ASL
    Origins
    Deaf community
    ASL vs. Sign Systems
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8
Q

Why is ASL important to study?

A
  • Language = Speech
  • Separate but parallel development
  • Unique way to look at language
    processing
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9
Q

Foundations of Sign Perception in Infancy

A

⚫ Preference for speech
(Vouloumanos & Werker,
Developmental Science, 2004; 2007)

⚫ Preference for sign (Krentz
& Hilldebrandt, 2008)

⚫ Hearing infants 6 prefered L & 10
months (no preference)

⚫ L – sign: e.g. about
waiting for the bus

⚫ R – pantomime: e.g.
putting on makeup

⚫ Preferential Looking

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10
Q

Background: Phonology

A

⚫4 sign components:
1. Location: where sign is in relation to body
2. Movement: how hand moves in space
3. Handshape: actual form of hand
4. Orientation: direction of palm in relation to body

⚫Combine simultaneously but still separate components - minimal pairs

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11
Q

Minimal Pairs

A

⚫In English: rake vs. lake
[rek] vs [lek]

⚫Only 1 feature/sound differs, all else same

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12
Q

ex

A

mother touches the queixo vs father touches fourhead

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13
Q

Age related decline in sign discrimination

A

⚫ Habituation Method

⚫ 4- and 14- months

⚫ Sign Discrimination

⚫ Hearing infants
declined

⚫ Hearing, Sign- learning infants
maintained

⚫ Actually – a bit more nuanced
than that . . . See next slides

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14
Q

Categorical Perception in Sign

A

Non-signers discriminate small changes along the continuum

Signers show a categorical boundary # 4 & #7

non-signers can see bigger differences between sign that are signers (adults)

because they are not trating as languague

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15
Q

same thing heppens with sign

A

they are hearing ba-ba -ba-pa hear ba-ba-ba-ba

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16
Q

Categorical Perception of Speech Sounds
by Infants

A

One- and four-month-olds
were habituated to a tape of
artificial speech sounds.

  • Group that habituated to
    /ba/ (VOT=20)
    dishabituated to /pa/
    (VOT=40), and group
    habituated to /pa/ (VOT=60)
    continued habituation to
    /pa/ (VOT =80).
  • These findings suggest that,
    like adults, they did not
    discriminate between these
    two sounds. (Adapted from
    Eimas et al., 1971)
17
Q

Is there perceptual attunement?

A

⚫Tested non-signing infants 4 & 14 months

⚫Tested sign learning infants 14 months

⚫Used alternating(sign 4,4,4, 7)/non-alternating task

⚫Tested
2 within category :1 vs 4 and 7 vs 10
1 between category: 4 vs 7
 a non-change control: either 4-4 or 7-7

18
Q

result

A

same result as in adults

the older the child (14 hearing month) more descrimination(higher within categories-similar signs)

4 months had the same amount as 14 months ASL infants(higher descrimination across category)

19
Q

Babbling

A

⚫Spoken language:
Timing: Emerges 7-11
months

Structure: Small set of
phonetic units, repeated CV
pattern [baba, mama]

All babies vocally babble(even deth)

20
Q

Babbling

A

⚫Sign Language (Petitto & Marentette, 1991)

Timing:Emerges 7-11 months

Structure: Small set of phonetic units, repeated
pattern
Only children learning sign babble manually

21
Q

Emerge in order of complexity of production, just as in oral babble

A
22
Q

First Words

A

⚫Norms for 1st spoken words

  • 10 months ?
23
Q

First Signs

A

⚫Signs earlier than spoken words

⚫Parental reports & monthly videotape sessions
First signs = 8.5 months

⚫But not everyone agrees
those are full signs….

24
Q

First Signs

A

⚫ Signs (at least) same time as spoken words

⚫ ALL babies produce non-linguistic gestures (reaching, raising hands, twisting hands like opening jar)

⚫ “Linguistic” gestures = distinct from referring object/action & single, consistent form, naming

⚫ Monthly videotape sessions; elicitation protocol
First signs = 12 months

⚫ Bonvillian & Folven study revisited (1993)
First signs =12.6 months

25
Q

Signs support object categorization:

A

At 4- but not 6- months in hearing infants

same things as hearing children( guest lecture - toma)

26
Q

Pragmatics: Motherese (baby talk?)

A

⚫Exaggerated speech spoken to infants
⚫Higher pitch
⚫Bigger pitch excursions
⚫Simplified sentences

⚫Motherese in sign
⚫Exaggerated movements
⚫Grammatical markers in face modified

27
Q

Pronouns

A

⚫Spoken Language

-Stage of reference confusion (20-24 mos) for 1st person PN (me) and 2nd person PN (you)

Why? Meanings of words (referents) shift in discourse, but children treat them as names

28
Q

Pronouns error also in sign!(not as much though)

A

⚫Pointing occurs early in gestures of
children (signing and non-signing)

⚫In ASL - indexical point also is a Pronoun

ME & YOU produced by pointing to referent = the same as the gesture

Iconicity may make acquisition of 1st and 2ndPNs easy for signers

Infacy Psychology (25 decks)

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