The Context of infant development Flashcards
Parenting Behaviours
- nurturant caregiving
- social caregiving
- didatic caregiving
- material caregiving
Nurturant caregiving
behaviours that meet child’s biological,physical and health needs
ex: feeding and clothing infants, keeping them from harm
social caregiving
behaviours that fosters social connections with an infant and allow infant to manage emotions and social interactions
ex:smiling,touching,or smoothing an infant
Didatic caregiving
behaviours that stimulate,engage or promote infant learning
ex: pointing and labbeling or reading to infants
Material caregiving
Behaviors that organize or arrange the infants physical world
ex: providing toys or books to have in the home or in the enviroment where they spend time
universally sensitive parenting seems to be the ideal/produce good outcomes
sensitive parenting: show affection,seek physical contact,keep them safe and respond to them when they are sad
how they demostrate this sensative parenting changes depending in culture
- how much face to face interaction
- how much phisical touch is used
sensitive parenting also brings good outcomes such as emotional regulation over time, languague requisition (they get more one-one interactiond whith mother and as a result to the langugue it self when they are speaking
parent cognition
ideals,goals,belifs of parenting,knowlegde etc affects infants development
ex: gender expectation impacts how parents behaves towards their children mothers talk,sing and use more expressive words with girls then boys. they expect boys to have better abilitis then girls
and like the rat maze study(smart vs dull) showed, peoples especially parents expectation shape how the infant/rat acts in society later on
in the end girls do tend to be more expressive and boys more active
Parent traditions and cultures
proxiamal parenting
- maintaing close pshysical proximity to the infant and lots of psysical contact
more common in cultures that emphasizes social connections over autonamy
distal parenting
emphasizes more face-to face interactions and interactions with objects
most common in cultures that empesizes autonomy over connection
ex: north america and europe
beyond mothers
children who have one attachment style with one parent tend to have a similar one to the other parent biut that is not always true
children who have a secure attachment to a father have the same benefits as having a secure atttachment style with a mothers
high involvment of fathers predicts better cognitive abilities and socioemotional behaviours
same sex parents have as healthy well adapted babies as opposit sex parenting (stress for both being a problem)
Alloparenting
situations where several people care for the infant besides the parents
ex: households where grandparents play a role in childs caregiving
Infant factors
- ferful children + gentle parenting = no braking rules
- althoug they got the same result of not breaking rules, other form of parenting might be better because gentle in ferful children caused them anxiety
siblings
- having sibling (specially old one) is releted to the development of theory of mind and emotions like empathy and sympathy
- older sisters help sibling develop better language skills
- in culture where children spend more time with their older siblings then their mothers they form a unic attachment style
- they imitate their siblings and learn how to behave
- older siblings tend to do better in school and younger siblings tend to be more rebellious and more open to experiences
peers
- infants tend to prefer children the same age as them
- they respond to other infants with eye contact,smiling,touching
- universal of social development
- first the interactions are short after first bithday they become longer
- how they inetrac with other children (like being more open:smiling more , initiate play) continue to be stable over time
community
who cares for infants?
granparents
nannies
pre schools
high quality child care
- is expensive
- one-one interactions
- have trainging
- good outcomes : children have better languague skills,social skills
maternal leave
- shows advantages on child
- usa have weak maternal leave
- women usually suffer more without it
socioeconomic statues
- is mesured by income-to - need ratio
- uses income and education to mesure it
- geocoding: mesuring income and education of the familis specifc area
low SES
- behind in languague and cognitive development
- stressor can be a factor in the mother which leads her to speak less to her children and cause this
poverty
- poorer regulation and executive function abilitis,stroner stress responses
moving to opportunity
program where low income families move to nice neiborhoods(randomly assigned)
result: as adults they got higher income,more likely to go to collage,and not be a single parent
Direct SES effects
- any enviromental circustance that directly affects the infants
ex: food security,pollution,poorer acess to resources toys,schhol suplllies, high hoise levels,poor quality childcare
indirect
- any enviromental circustance that directly affects the infants caregivers and has an impact on the way the caregiver interact with their infants
- ex:living in a dengerous neiboorhood causes stress to the mother, less outdor time
ethic enclaves
neiborhoods where most people come from the same thic/cultural background
can be adavantageous for the mother and the child
ex:indian mothers in new jersey
interacting factors
factors that are predictors of poor child outcomes(emotional,cognitive functionings)
* low-income background
* history of parental mental-illnesses
* maternal anxiety
* low maternal education
* unskilled labor from the head of the house
* minoraty stutes
* single parents
* stressfull life events
* large family size
having one or two of these does not mean the child will have poor outcomes but multiple do
these factors have impacts even when the child in in the woumb
the child can impact the enviroment as well
when infants start to walk,parent baby proof the enviroment
their skills differ once they reach certain mile stones like using their hands to bring objects to caregivers when they start to walk
