Theories (Macro)

Question 1

scientific management theory (Theory X) is

Answer 1

based on finding the one “best way” to perform
each task

-carefully matching each worker to each task

-closely supervising workers, using
reward and punishment as motivators

-managing and controlling behavior.

Question 2

Weber’s bureaucratic theory

Answer 2

emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure of power to ensure stability and uniformity.

Question 3

Administrative theory

Answer 3

emphasized establishing a universal set of management principles that could be applied to all organizations.

Question 4

Neoclassical Theories

Answer 4

These theories were based upon the Hawthorne experiments and focused on workers

Question 5

Human relations theory (Theory Y)

Answer 5

evolved as a reaction to the tough, authoritarian structure of classical theory. Genuine concern for human needs in order to produce creativity and emphasized the importance of cohesive & communication w/ work groups

Question 6

Systems approach (MACRO)

Answer 6

considers the organization as a system composed of a set of interrelated subsystems. That consists of components, linking processes and goals.

Question 7

Sociotechnical approach

Answer 7

considers the organization as composed of a social system, technical system, and its environment. That interact with each other.

Question 8

Contingency or situational approach

Answer 8

recognizes that organizational systems are interrelated with their environment and that different environments require different organizational systems for
effectiveness.

Question 9

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 9

states that no person shall “on the grounds of race,
color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.”
It desegregated all schools and public buildings and required all agencies that receive federal
funds to terminate discriminatory hiring practices.

Question 10

The Older Americans Act (OAA) of 1965

Answer 10

offers services to older Americans. It established the
Administration on Aging, which empowers the federal government to distribute funds to the
states for supportive services for individuals over the age of 60

Question 11

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974

Answer 11

key legislation for addressing child

abuse and neglect.

Question 12

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974

Answer 12

protects the privacy of educational records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the United States Department of Education. FERPA gives parents certain rights with
respect to their children’s education records.

Question 13

The Education for Handicapped Children Act of 1975

Answer 13

guarantees a free, appropriate public
education to all children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21. Children receiving such
services should be provided with Individual Educational Plans (IEPs) that are revised annually

Question 14

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978

Answer 14

gives American Indian/Native American/Indigenous nations or organizations jurisdiction over child welfare cases that involve an American Indian/Native
American/Indigenous child.The law specifies a hierarchical procedure for placement of an
American Indian/Native American/Indigenous child: (a) verify the ethnic and tribal identity of the
child; (b) allow tribal jurisdiction over case; (c) if tribe rejects jurisdiction, placement with family
member or; (d) if that is impossible, placement with family of the same tribe. The last resort is
placing the child in a home with a family that is not American Indian/Native
American/Indigenous.

Question 15

The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980

Answer 15

focuses on family preservation efforts
to help keep families together and children out of foster care or other out-of-home placements.
This law also focuses on family reunification or adoption if a child is removed from a home.
The act requires courts to review child welfare cases more regularly and mandates that states
make “reasonable efforts” to keep families together via prevention and family reunification
services.

Question 16

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

Answer 16

civil-rights legislation that prohibits

discrimination on the basis of disability

Question 17

The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) of 1991

Answer 17

introduced a new set of federal
requirements intended to implement advance directive policies at all health care facilities that
receive federal funding through Medicaid and Medicare programs.

Question 18

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993

Answer 18

requires covered employers to provide up
to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to “eligible” employees for certain family and
medical reasons with continuation of group health insurance coverage under the same terms and
conditions as if the employee had not taken leave

Question 19

The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 (MEPA)

Answer 19

subsequent amendments, prohibits
agencies from refusing or delaying foster or adoptive placements because of a child’s or
foster/adoptive parent’s race, color, or national origin and prohibits agencies from considering
race, color, or national origin as a basis for denying approval as a foster and/or adoptive parent.
It also requires agencies to diligently recruit a diverse base of foster and adoptive parents to
better reflect the racial and ethnic makeup of children in out-of-home care

Question 20

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994

Answer 20

improved the criminal justice response to
violence against women by strengthening federal penalties for repeat sex offenders and creating
a federal “rape shield law,” which is intended to prevent offenders from using victims’ past
sexual conduct against them during a rape trial

Question 21

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)

Answer 21

considered to be a fundamental shift in both the method and goal of federal cash assistance
to the poor. It added a workforce development component to welfare legislation, encouraging
employment among the poor. PRWORA instituted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(TANF), which became effective July 1, 1997

Question 22

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (HIPAA)

Answer 22

provides individuals with access to their medical records and more control over how their personal health
information is used and disclosed.

Question 23

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA)

Answer 23

expands access to insurance,
increases protections, emphasizes prevention and wellness, improves quality and system
performance, expands the health workforce, and curbs rising health care costs. Key provisions
of the ACA that intend to address rising health costs include providing more oversight of health
insurance premiums and practices; emphasizing prevention, primary care, and effective
treatments

Question 24

The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 (WIOA

Answer 24

reauthorizes the Workforce
Investment Act (WIA) of 1998 with several key changes in areas such as Workforce
Development Boards structure; One-Stop Operations; Job-Driven Training for Adults and
Dislocated Workers; and Integrated Performance and Youth Services

Question 25

When engaging in community-based decision making

Answer 25

Orientation stage—This phase is where community members may meet for the first time and start
to get to know each other.

Conflict stage—Disputes, little fights, and arguments may occur. These conflicts are eventually
worked out.

Emergence stage—Community members begin to see and agree on a course of action.

Reinforcement stage—Community members finally make a decision and justify why it was correct.