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Stage 1 > Theme 8 anatomy > Flashcards

Theme 8 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the external auditory meatus

A

carries air vibrations from the concha of the external ear to the tympanic membrane

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2
Q

where is the tympanic membrane

A

at the end of the canal

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3
Q

what nerve passes across the medial aspect of the upper portion of the membrane

A

chorda tympani

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4
Q

what are the components of the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity

pharyngotympanic tube

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5
Q

what is contained in the tympanic cavity

A

air
ossicles
muscles

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6
Q

what are muscles provide a protective action in the tympanic cavity

A

tensor tympani & stapedius

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7
Q

what is contained in the inner ear

A

bony labyrinth
- vestibule
- cochlea
membranous labyrinth

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8
Q

what is function of the vestibule

A

communicate with the other 2 areas of the internal ear and middle ear through vestibular and cochlear windows

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9
Q

what is the function of the cochlea

A

hearing organ

communicates with the anterior aspect of the vestibule

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10
Q

what are the parts of the temporal bone

A 
squamous 
zygomatic process
tympanic ring 
styloid process 
petromastoid process
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11
Q

what is the tympanic ring

A

tympanic portion present at birth as a ring of bone deficient superiorly

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12
Q

what is the petromastoid part of the temporal bone

A

thicker, pyramid-shaped portion

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13
Q

what are the foraminae in the temporal bone

A 
jugular foramen 
carotid canal 
stylomastoid fo 
internal auditory meatus
greater and lesser petrosal hiatuses
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14
Q

what nerve arises from the internal auditory meatus

A

vestibulo-cochlear

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15
Q

what nerves do the greater & lesser petrosal hiatuses transmit

A

greater & lesser petrosal nerve

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16
Q

during which fetal week do the squamous and tympanic portions of the temporal bone begin to develop

A

eighth

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17
Q

where does the petromastoid portion develop

A

in cartilage

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18
Q

when do the tympanic, squamous and petromastoid portions unite

A

during the first year of life

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19
Q

from which brachial arches do the styloid process and the ossicles develop

A

first 2 brachial arches

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20
Q

what does the middle ear cavity form

A

the first pharyngeal cleft

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21
Q

where does the tubotympanic recess form

A

around the first and second arch cartilages

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22
Q

wheres does the tegmen tympani grow

A

laterally over the end of the tubotympanic recess

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23
Q

where does the tympanic ring form

A

around the end of the tubotympanic recess

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24
Q

where do the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone form

A

petrous- medially

squamous- laterally

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25
Q

what is the tubotympanic recess

A

part of first endodermal pharyngeal pouch, develops into the middle ear

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26
Q

what are the boundaries of the middle ear

A

anterior wall- pharyngotympanic tube
medial wall- fenestra cochleae, fenestra vestibuli, promonotory
posterior- pyramid
lateral wall- tympanic membrane, epitympanic recess

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27
Q

what are the ossicles of the middle ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes- makes the final connection with the inner ear

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28
Q

what is the fucntion of the muscles attached to the ossicles

A

protect against loud sounds and modulate the frequency response of the ossicles

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29
Q

what is the action of the tensor tympani

A

pulls on handle of malleus and pulls tympanic membrane inwards

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30
Q

what is the action of the stapedius muscle

A

pulls anterior aspect of the foot plate dampening its action to counteract loud, low tone sound

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31
Q

what ossicle does malleus attach to

A

incus

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32
Q

what ossicle does incus attach to

A

malleus and stapes

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33
Q

what ossicle does stapes attach to

A

incus

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34
Q

what happens to the tympanic membrane when there is an increase in air pressure

A

moves medially

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35
Q

what happens to malleus when there is an increase in air pressure

A

long process moves medially
head rotates laterally on a p axis in epitympanic recess
(this is also similar for body incus)

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36
Q

what happens to incus when there is an increase in air pressure

A

body- similar to malleus

long process- moves medially

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37
Q

what happens to stapes when there is an increase in air pressure

A

the base pushes on the oval window like a banging door

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38
Q

what happens to the fluid in the inner ear when there is an increase in air pressure

A

bulges out the membrane of the cochlear window below

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39
Q

what is function of ossicles

A

apply force to the oval window only
act as impedance matching device
reduce bone-conducted sound

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40
Q

explain how pressure is equalised by swallowing when an airline cabin is pressurised

A

build up of pressure on tympanic membrane.
swallowing contracts salpingpharyngeus which raises the larynx (as its part of palatopharyngeus) and opens the auditory tube, equalising pressure

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41
Q

explain why a child may have dilated pupils and dry mouth if scared of the dentist

A

stimulation of symp ns which innervated dilator pupil

symp stimulation decreases watery saliva production & mucous rich saliva in produced in smaller volumes

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42
Q

where does the facial nerve arise from

A

the brainstem

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43
Q

what are the two roots of the facial nerve

A

large motor root

nervous sensory intermediate root

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44
Q

where do the 2 roots of the facial nerve first enter

A

internal auditory meatus

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45
Q

at what point does the facial nerve enter the facial canal

A

at the lateral limit of meatus

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46
Q

where does the facial canal carry the facial nerve

A

laterally above the vestibule to the medial wall of the middle ear

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47
Q

where do the facial nerve and canal pass when turn abruptly

A

pass posteriorly deep to the medial wall

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48
Q

what happens to the facial nerve when it reaches the posterior wall of the middle ear

A

it dives inferiorly and exits the skull

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49
Q

through what fo does the facial nerve exit the skull

A

stylomastoid foramen

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50
Q

what happens the VII when it leaves the skull

A

enters the parotid gland

51
Q

where do the cell bodies of the special sensation taste component lie

A

geniculate ganglion

52
Q

where is the geniculate ganglion located

A

within the bend of the facial nerve within the facial canal

53
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve

A

nerve to stapedius
greater petrosal nerve
chorda tympani
external motor branches

54
Q

through what fo does the chorda tympani leave the middle ear to enter the infratemporal region

A

petrotympanic fissure

55
Q

what nerve does the chorda tympani join in the infratemporal region

A

lingual

56
Q

what happens when stapes presses on the fenestra vestibuli

A

fluid vibrations are transmitted to the scala vestibuli. basilar membrane, hairs of hair cells and fenestra cochlea displaced

57
Q

where does the greater petrosal nerve arise from

A

genu (containing geniculate ganglion) of the facial nerve

58
Q

what nerve does the greater petrosal nerve join

A

deep petrosal nerve from the sup cervical ganglion

59
Q

where does the nerve to stapedius arise and what is the route

A

br of the descending portion of the facial nerve and passes anteriorly to the stapedius muscles within the pyramid

60
Q

where does the chorda tympani arise and what is the route

A

arise from the descending part of the facial nerve and passes into the middle ear

61
Q

which 2 br of VII are given off in the petrous temporal bone and form ps innervation to organs in the face other than the eye

A

chorda tympani

greater petrosal nerve

62
Q

what does the chorda tympani innervate

A

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

63
Q

what does the greater petrosal nerve innervate

A

the nasal and palatine mucosal glands

64
Q

are the axons that leave the petrous temporal bone pre or post ganglionic

A

preganglionic

65
Q

what happens when there is a lesion in the facial canal above the geniculate ganglion

A

lacrimation, stapedius and taste absent

66
Q

what happens when there is a lesion between the genicualte ganglion and stapedius nerve

A

lacrimation present

stapedius and taste absent

67
Q

what happens when there is lesion between the stapedius nerve and chorda tympani

A

lacrimation and stapedius present

taste absent

68
Q

what happens when there is lesion distal to chorda tympani

A

lacrimation stapedius and taste present

69
Q

how do you test for lacrimation

A

litmus paper test

70
Q

what is the test for stapediud

A

impedance audiometry

71
Q

what are the contents of the orbit

A 
the eyeball
the extraocular muscles 
levator palpebrae superioris 
optic nerve 
oculomotor nerve 
trochlear nerve 
abducent nerve 
opthalmic divsion of V
infraorbital nerve 
ciliary ganglion
lacrimal gland
72
Q

where does the nasolacrimal duct empty

A

lacrimal secretions into the inferior meatus

73
Q

what is the autonomic innervation for the lacrimal gland

A

ps innervation from greater petrosal br of facial nerve enters pterygopalatine fossa and synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion. post ganglionic axons travel within the zygomatic nerve, enter the orbit and joins lacrimal nerve and pass to the lacrimal gland

74
Q

what structures are transmitted by the superior orbital fissure

A

sup and inf oculomotor (III)
trochlear nerve (IV)
abducent nerve (VI)
v1- lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary nerves

75
Q

what is the common origin for the extraocular muscles (except inferior oblique)

A

tendinous ring

76
Q

what is the action and innervation of medial rectus

A

adduction

III(inferior division)

77
Q

what is the action and innervation of lateral rectus

A

abduction

VI

78
Q

what is the primary and secondary action of superior rectus and its innervation

A

1- elevation and adduction
2- inward rotation
III (superior division)

79
Q

what is the primary and secondary action of inferior oblique and its innervation

A

1-elevation and abduction
2-outward rotation
III

80
Q

what is the primary and secondary action of inferior rectus and its innervation

A

1-depression and adduction
2-outward rotation
III

81
Q

what is the primary and secondary action of superior oblique and its innervation

A

1-depression and abduction
2- inward rotation
IV

82
Q

what dos the orbital surface of the frontal bone articulate with

A

frontal bone
zygomatic process of temporal bone
maxilla
greater wing of sphenoid

83
Q

what fo are located in the greater wing of sphenoid

A

fo ovale, spinosum and rotundum

84
Q

superior oblique innervation

A

trochlear

85
Q

lateral rectus innervation

A

abducent

86
Q

what nerve is the frontal nerve a branch of

A

v1- opthalmic division of trigeminal

87
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit

A

opthalmic vein

orbital branch of middle meningeal

88
Q

what do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina do

A

transport the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves to the ethmoidal air sinuses

89
Q

what are the attachments of the levator palpebral superioris

A

roof of orbit and skin of upper eye lid

90
Q

what muscle opposes the action of LPS

A

orbicularis oculi

91
Q

what are the attachments of the superior rectus

A

tendinous ring to superior aspect of the eyeball

92
Q

what are the attachments of inferior rectus

A

tendinous ring to the posterior infero aspect of the eyeball

93
Q

what are the attachments of lateral rectus

A

tendinous ring to lateral aspect of eye ball

94
Q

what are the attachments of the superior oblique

A

from tendon above the common tendinous ring, passes through trochlear and inserts into superoposterolateral aspect of eyeball

95
Q

what are the attachments of inferior oblique

A

arise from the floor of the orbit and inserts into the psoteroinferolateral aspect of they eyeball

96
Q

what are the 3 terminal br of the opthalmic divison of the trigeminal nerve

A

lacrimal nerve
frontal nerve
nasociliary nerve

97
Q

what does the lacrimal nerve do

A

passes to the lateral wall of the orbit towards the lacrimal gland

98
Q

from which nerve does the lacrimal receive branches from

A

zygomatic nerve (br of V2)

99
Q

what does the lacrimal nerve pick up and deliver to the lacrimal gland

A

picks up hitchhiking post synaptic secretory fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion and takes them to the lacrimal gland

100
Q

what else does the lacrimal nerve supply

A

sensation to the lateral aspect of the upper lip

101
Q

what does the frontal nerve divide into

A

supraorbital and supratrochlear

102
Q

where does the frontal nerve pass

A

out of orbit to supply skin and conjunctiva of the upper lid and skin of the forehead and scalp

103
Q

how does the nasociliary nerve pass

A

anteromediallly

104
Q

what are the 3 collateral br of the nasociliary nerve

A

ganglionic branches
long ciliary nerves
posterior ethmoidal nerve
external nasal nerve

105
Q

what are the 2 terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve

A

anterior ethmoidal nerve

infratrochlear nerve

106
Q

what does the anterior ethmoidal nerve do

A

supplies the anterior ethmoidal cells and skin on the external nose as the external nasal nerve

107
Q

where does the ciliary ganglio receive sensory fibres frm

A

cornea and iris via nasociliary nerve

108
Q

what is the sympathetic root for the ciliary ganglion

A

arises from the internal carotid and opthalmic artery plexus and supplies the dilator pupilale muscle

109
Q

what is the ps root of ciliary ganglion

A

from CNIII which is motor to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles

110
Q

what are the br of distribution of the ciliary ganglion

A

short ciliary nerves

111
Q

what are the 3 coats of the eyeball

A

fibrous
vascular
neural

112
Q

what does the fibrous coat consist of

A

sclera and cornea

113
Q

what does the vascular coat consist of

A

choroid, ciliary body and iris

114
Q

what does the neural coat consist of

A

retina

115
Q

what are the muscles found in the iris

A

constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae

116
Q

what is the innervation of the constictor pupillae

A

ps fibres of III from ciliary ganglion

117
Q

what is the innervation of dilator pupillae

A

sympathetic fibres

118
Q

what does the neural coat consist of

A

nervous layer -macula

119
Q

what is the lacrimal gland

A

a serous gland wrapped around the free border of the LPS muscle

120
Q

how to tears wash over the eyelid and then where do they go

A

into lacrimal sac then nasolacrimal duct to inferior meatus

121
Q

where does the parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal gland come from

A

from pterygopalatine ganglion the greater petrosal nerve and deep petrosal nerve fuse to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal. post ganglionic fibres enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure and hitchhike with the lacrimal nerve to the lacrimal gland

122
Q

where does the zygomatic nerve pass

A

through the inferior orbital fissure

123
Q

what nerves are transmitted by the internal auditory meatus

A

CNVII and CNVIII

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